?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Appendix?I:? Cabinet?Woods?Mentioned?in? Roubo? ? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE?IN?ENGLAND?AND?FRANCE? DURING?THE?AGE?OF?ELEGANCE? ? ? ? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??636? On?the?Cover:?? Three?different?woods?identified?by?P.?D?tienne,1in?his?report?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par? Roubo?en?1774.??The?top?sample?is?what?the?English?call?Tulipwood,?the?French?call?Bois?du? Rose?pictures?on?the?first?page?of?P.?D?tienne?s?article?(p.?89?in?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques? No?274?(4)).??The?second?sample?is?Ebony?(?b?ne,?de?Madagascar,?located?on?p.?96?in?the? same?article)?and?the?third?picture?is?of?Ferr?ol,?du?Surinam?(located?on?p.?92?of?the?same? article).? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1?D?tienne,?P.,?2002,?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par?Roubo?en?1774,?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques,?No?274,?(4),? pp.?89?96.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??637? The?Woods?of?Roubo:?? Many?of?the?woods?that?were?mentioned?in?Roubo?s?L?Art?Du?Menuisier??b?niste2?were,?at? the?least,?very?vaguely?named?or,?at?the?other?extreme,?completely?erroneously?labelled.??As? a?result,?there?are?many?woods?that?Roubo?mentioned?that?have?not?been?definitively? identified.??In?France?a?lot?of?research?by?a?major?wood?technology?group?(as?represented?by? P.?D?tienne3)?was?executed?to?accomplish?this,?but?even?this?effort?did?not?result?in?the? identification?of?all?of?the?woods.??There?were?several?reasons?for?this?lack?of?accuracy?on? the?part?of?Roubo.??First?of?all?in?C18th?France,?wood?science?had?not?advanced?itself?to?the? point?of?using?microscopic?evidence?to?identify?the?wood?used?in?furniture?making.??Nor? were?there?standardized?names?(e.g.,?Latin)?names?that?could?be?used?to?verify?the?type?of? wood.??And?finally?this?period?saw?a?rapid?growth?in?the?use?of?exotic?woods?from?relatively? newly?discovered?areas?in?America,?as?well?as?from?Asia?and?Africa.??There?were?many?points? in?the?process?of?taking?the?wood?from?the?forests?to?the?furniture?makers?workshop?where? wood?could?have?been?erroneously?labelled?as?a?result?there?is?a?good?chance?that?much?of? the?wood?used?by?the?furniture?maker?was?simply?not?known.??In?all?likely?hood?the?only? thing?that?the?furniture?maker?really??knew??was?the?physical?description?of?the?wood.???In?all? likelihood,?much?of?the?wood?identification?at?that?time?was?little?more?than?guess?work? based?on?simple?visual?(e.g.?colour,?general?grain?pattern,?etc.)?and?olfactory?cues?and?where? the?wood?was?reported?to?have?originated.??Since?Roubo?s?reporting?was?based?on? information?gathered?from?the?different?participants?in?the?wood?delivery4?and?furniture? making?system,?it?is?not?surprising?that?there?are?so?many?examples?of?wood?that?he?lists? that?cannot?be?properly?verified.?? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2?Roubo,?A.,?L?Art?Du?Menuisier??b?niste,?Delatour,?Paris,?1772,?pp?768?769? 3?D?tienne,?P.,?2002,?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par?Roubo?en?1774,?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques,?No?274,?(4),?pp.? 89?96.? 4?According?to?P.?D?tienne,?Roubo?had?not?personally?seen?all?of?the?woods?that?were?listed?in?his?text,?nor?was? it?likely?that?Roubo?had?access?to?the?most?authoritative?document?on?woods?of?his?day.??This?further? underlines?the?potential?for?inaccuracies?in?this?list?of?woods.?(See?D?tienne,?P.?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par? Roubo?en?1774,?pp.?90.)? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??638? ? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? Acaja? Isle?of? Ceylon,? East?Indies? Red? Tender? (none? given)? As?Roubo?indicates,?it?is?believed?that?this?refers?to?a? tree?that?grows?in?Ceylon?(in?modern?day?Sri?Lanka)? and?bears?a?fruit?similar?of?plums.??The?wood?is?light? red.?It?is?likely?that?this?is?the?wood?that?goes?by?the? Latin?name?of?Melia?azedarach?L.?(Meliaceae)?a?tree? of?India?where?the?wood?is?pink?and?light?in?weight? (density?between?0.40?and?0.50)?and?whose?fruit?is?a? type?of?small?plum.? Some?of?the?common?modern?terms?used?for?this? wood?are:??Persian?Lilac,?White?Cedar,?Chinaberry?or? Bead?Tree,?Lunumidella,?Ceylon?Cedar?it?is?a? deciduous?tree?in?the?mahogany?family?Meliaceae,? native?to?India,?southern?China?and?Australia.?The? main?utility?of?chinaberry?is?its?timber.?This?is?of? medium?density,?and?ranges?in?colour?from?light? brown?to?dark?red.?In?appearance?it?is?readily? confused?with?the?unrelated?Tectona?grandis? (Burmese?Teak).? Acajou? Southern? India,?East? Indies,? Red? dish? Tender? and? hard7? (none? given? The?modern?translation?for?this?word?is?Mahogany:? This?tree?is?a?species,?which?is?native?to?the??Islands?? of?America?and?the?Brazil.?In?Cayenne,?Jamaica,?the? mahogany?wood?has?an?odour?that?ranges?from? slight?a?little?strong.?The?mahogany?of?the?Jamaica?is? in?a?colour?that?is?slightly?reddish?brown.???It?appears? that?two?species?are?mixed?under?this?name.?The? wood?soft?and?fragrant?from?Cayenne,?and?other? regions?is?certainly?cedro,?Cedrela?odorata?L.? (Meliaceae).??The?other,?stronger,?various?U.S.? sources,?except?Cayenne,?is?the?mahogany?(later? known?as?Cubian?Mahogany?by?the?English?and? French)?which?is?commonly?associated?with? Swietenia?mahagoni?Jacq.?and?S.?macrophylla?King,? the?same?family?of?Meliaceae.? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5?These?are?the?literal?translations?of?the?terms?used?by?Roubo?so?in?some?cases?they?do?not?seem?to?be?logical? as?modern?descriptors?of?wood.??One?example?is?the?word??Tendre??which?is?the?word?Roubo?used?to?describe? the??quality??of?the?wood?Acaja.??This?translates?to?the?word?tender.??One?can?assume?that?this?means?a?light,? malleable?wood?as?opposed?to?a?dense?hard?wood?such?as?ebony.??The?use?of?the?word??Plein??when?describing? the?quality?literally?translates?to??full??while?suggestive?is?not?a?very?accurate?description.?? 6?Much?of?the?commentary?has?been?taken?from?the?paper:??D?tienne,?P.,?2002,?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par? Roubo?en?1774,?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques,?No?274,?(4),?pp.?89?96.??? 7?The?exact?phrase?given?in?this?is??Tendre?&?dur.?,?which?literally?translates?to??tender?and?hard?.??One?has?to? ask?the?question;?How?can?a?wood?be?both?Tender?and?Hard??? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??639? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? Alo?s?8? China,?East? India,? Islands?of? Solor?and? Timor?(off? Southeast? Asia)? Red?? Green? ish? Pain? Tender? Has?an? odour9? This?wood?is?very?rare?and?is?most?likely?appointed? by?Dioscorides?as?Agalochum.?There?are?three? species?of?Aloe,?namely?the?Calombac?growing?in? Cochin.?The?"eagle?wood"?or?"Agalochum?savage?",? but?a?tree?which?grows?in?Cochin?at?Cambay?and? Sumatra,?and?its?compact?and?heavy?timber?and?it?is? coloured?red,?and?with?a?very?good?smell.?The?most? common?species?of?Aloe?is?called?or?Calambourc? Calambour,?and?comes?in?large?logs?of?the?islands?of? Solor?and?Timor.?"By?replacing?the?red?colour?by?a?? dark?gray?it?may?be?identified?as?eagle?wood??which? is?represented?by?various?species?of?the?genus? Aquilaria?(thym?l?ac?es).?This?wood,?also?known?as? aloe?(which?Aloe?is?not?the?ornamental?kind?of?agave? family?Liliaceae),?is?more?sought?after?by?perfumers? as?the?cabinetmakers.? Amaranthe? Guyana,? East?Indies? Violet?? Brown? Hard?? (none? given)? The?English?know?this?wood?as?purpleheart.?Roubo? thought?that?this?wood?was?sold?to?France?by?the? Dutch?who?operated?in?the?colony?of?Suriname.?The? wood?could?be?the?type?that?goes?by?the?botanical? genus?Peltogyne?(caesalpiniac?es).? Amourette? Antilles,? East?Indies? Red? Brown? Durable? ? Amourette?wood?is?hard?and?compact?weight,?Its? colour?is?yellowish?with?a?little?red?and?veined? reddish?brown.?This?description?is?not?very?good?but? it?is?thought?that?this?is?the?Brosimum?guianense? Huber?(Moraceae???the?Mulberry?family?of?trees.??It? is?believed?that?this?is?what?the?English?call? snakewood.? Anis?10? China,? Philip? pines,?East? Indies? Grey? (none? given)? (none? given)? The?Star?Anis?is?a?tree?that?grows?in?China,?East? Indies,?the?Isles?Philippines?and?Siberia,?where?brings? in?large?logs:?This?wood?is?greyish?and?has?an?odour? similar?to?the?flavouring?Anis.??This?"Star?anise,?or? anise?,?which?we?know?is?the?fruit?of?the?tree?Illicium? verum?L.?(Illiciacee).?Illicium?wood?has?an?odour?so? discreet?we?doubt?that?it?was?exploited.?It?could?also? be?in?a?family?that?is?very?similar,?the?laurissilva?has?a? case?grown?in?Vietnam,?Cinnamomum?ilicioides?A.? Chev?which?also?has?a?strong?smell?of?anise.? Asphalate? or?Bois?de? Rhode? Island?of? Rhode?and? Chipre,? Asia? (none? given)? (none? given)? (none? given)? There?is?no?evidence,?which?can?be?used?to?define?or? identify?this?wood.??? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 8 The?full?listing?is??Alo?s?ou?Agalochum,?Alo?s?ou?Bois?d?Agle,?ou?agalochum?sauvage,??Alo?s?ou?Calambour?our? Calambourc?? 9?The?exact?word?used?by?Roubo?was??Aromatique??which?literally?translates?to??Aromatic?,?which?is?assumed? means?that?it?has?some?kind?of?odour?without?specifying?anything?about?the?quality?or?strength?of?that?odour.?? 10?The?full?name?given?by?Roubo?is??Anis?ou?anil???l?Etoile?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??640? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? Br?sil?? Brazil?or? Sapan? Brazil,? Saint? Martha,? Caribbean? Islands,? Jamaica,? West? Indies11? Red? Full? (none? given)? The?so?called?"Brazil?Fernambouc"?is?thought?to?be? the?best?version?comes?from?Brazil.?Mentioned?also? is??Lamon??of?Sainte?Marthe?and?Br?sillet,?which? grows?in?the?Caribbean?and?is?lower?quality.?A? similar?wood?also?grows?in?the?East?Indies?and?in? Japan,?the?Kingdom?of?Siam,?on?the?Malabar?coast,? and?in?both?presquisles?Ganges.?It?is?also?used?to?for? dyeing.?"?The?current?Brazilian?city?of?Recife,? formerly?known?as?Fernambouc?and?Pernambuco,? gave?its?name?(Pernambuco)?its?colour?is?typical?of? the?species?Guilandina?echinata?Spreng.? (caesalpiniac?es).?The?least?popular?version?of?this? wood?from?the?West?would?have?been?produced?by? related?species?of?Guilandina:?Caesalpinia? brasiliensis?L.?(from?Haiti?and?Brazil),?Caesalpinia? bahamensis?Lam.?(Bahamas?and?Cuba),?and?perhaps? also?by?Caesalpinia?granadillo?Pitt.?From?the?coast?of? Venezuela.?Similar?red?wood?from?Asia?is?the?Sapan? (Caesalpinia?sappan?L.).? Canelle?(or? Sassafrass)? Sri?Lanka,? East?Indies? White? Hard? (none? given)?? It?is?probably?incorrect?to?call?this?sassafras?(although? this?is?a?term?Roubo?used).??As?described,?this?wood? is?white,?hard?with?no?smell,?as?a?hypothesis,?this? could?be?Cinnamomum?zeylanicum?Blume? (Lauraceae)? Cayenne? Island?of? Cayenne,? West? Indies? Yellow,? red? with? veins? Full? (none? given)?? There?are?two?kinds?of?wood?that?could?be?labeled? Cayenne;?one?veined?with?yellow?and?red,?the?other? with?red?brown?veins.??Both?of?these?woods?have?a? gum?or?resin?that?evaporates?leaving?small?cavities.? This?could?be?courbaril,?Hymenaea?courbaril?L.,?or?a? Copaiba,?Copaifera?guianensis?Desf.,?both?of?the? family?caesalpiniac?es?again?both?are?characterized? by?regular?sporadic?resin?canals.? ?C?dre? (Ceder)? Syria?and? America? Reddis h?and? veined? Full?? Strong?and? sweet? odour12? This?tree?grows?around?Byblos?and?Tripoli?in?Syria,?it? also?grows?a?lot?in?America.??Cedar?of?Lebanon,? Cedrus?libaniBarrel?(pinacees)?is?the?first,?second? could?be?a?conifer?and?oderous?wood?in?North? America,?such?as?white?cedar,?Thuja? WesterndentalisL.?(Cupressaceae).? C?dre? blanc? (White? Ceder)? Asia,? Siberia,? and? Europe? White?? red?? Soft? Has?an? odour? White?cedar?is?white?and?red?and?it?is?also?softer?and? lighter?than?the?red?and?but?nearly?the?same?smell.?? It?could?be?a??Pterocarpus?officinalisJacq.?or?P.?rohrii? Vahl?(Fabaceae)?and?is?similar?to?other?species?in?the? same?family,?for?example?the?species?Platymiscium? pinnatum?Dugand??which?is?found?on?the?shores?of? the?Caribbean?Sea.? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 11?The?full?listing?by?Roubo?is??De?Fernambouc,?Isles?de?Lamon?and?de?Sainte?Marthe,?Isles?Antilles?and?a?la? Jamaique,?Indes?Occident?.? 12?The?exact?text?in?Roubo?s?is??Odeur?forte?&?douce??which?translates?literally?to??strong?odour?and?sweet?.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??641? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? Chine?or? Bois?de? Lettre? China,?East? Indies,? Guiana,? West? Indies? Red? brown,? spotted? Hard?? (none? given)? According?to?A.?Bowett,?this?too?could?be? snakewood13?? ? This?is?called?China,?or?Lignum?sinense?or?in?Holland,? "Letterhout"?or?"Wood?letters,?"?because?it?is? covered?with?spots?that?look?like?letters.??On?a?red? brown?marked?with?small?blackish?brown?spots.??Its? color?darkens?as?it?gets?older.?It?is?almost?certain?that? it?only?grows?in??Guiana.?Most?likely?it?is?Huber? Brosimum?guianensis.? Citron? (Lemon?or? Candle? wood)? Islands?of? America? Yellow? red? ?14? Lemon,? nutmeg? and? cinnamon.?? ?Called?the?lemon?tree,?so?named?because?of?its? odour?and?colour.?It?grows?in?the??Isles?of?America?.? This?description?is?consistent?with??Amyris?elemifera? L.?Family?Rutaceae.?However,?it?could?also?be? another?species?from?the?Caribbean;?this?family,? Zanthoxylum?flavumVahl?is?a?large?tree?that? produces?a?yellow?wood?grained?and?straight?grain? and?was?known?and?exploited?at?this?time.?This? species?will?be?commercially?designated?later?by?the? name?espenilla.?The??Rosewood?of?Guyana,?Aniba? parvifloraMez?and?A.?rosaeo?doraDucke?(Lauraceae),? is?more?yellowish?and?lighter?than?the?previous? examples?and?very?fragrant?but?it?has?never?been? usedin?carpentry?or?woodworking.?This?could?also?be? Asian?SantalumalbumL.?(Santalaceae).? Citronnier? (Citron)? Asia?and? Europe? White? veined? ?15? (none? given)? This??Lemon?tree??is?not?large,?its?wood?is?white?and? odorless:?it?is?originaly?grown?in?Asia?but?is?now? growing?in?Spain,?Portugal?in?Piedmont?and? Provence.??Most?likely?this?is?Chloroxylon?Swietenia? DC.?in?the?same?family?Rutaceae,?also?known?today? under?the?name?Ceylon?Citronnier?de?Ceylan?or?East? Indies?Satinwood.? Copaiba? Brazil,? West? Indies? Red? spotted? Full?? (none? given)? The?Copaiba?tree?produces?a?resin?that?is?used?to? make?Copahu?balm?(while?Roubo?says?that?this?wood? is?not?aromatic,?apparently?its?resin?has?a?fragrance.? The?wood?is?a?dark?red.?Copaiba?grows?in?the?forests? of?Brazil,?in?the?Island?of?Maragnan?and?in?the? Caribbean.?The?copaiba,?Copaifera?reticulata?Ducke? wood?(caesalpiniac?es)?is?one?possibility?while?a? related?species?C.officinalisL.?of?the?West?Indies?is? another.? Corail? Antilles? (?)16? Red,? Porous?? (none? given)? This?tree?grows?in?the?Windward?Isles?of?America.? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13?See?A.?Bowett,?The?Age?of?Snakewood,?Journal?of?the?Furniture?History?Society,?Vol?34,?1998,?pp.?212?225.? 14?The?exact?word?given?is??Ferme??which?translates?to?Farm,?which?is?meaningless.??It?is?assumed?that?this? means?firm?however?the?fact?that?the?word?dur?was?not?used,?suggest?that?this?may?be?incorrect.?? 15?The?exact?words?given?are??Ferme?&?incorrupt??which?translates?to?farm?and?incorrupt??? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??642? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? bright,? veined? The?wood?is?a?pale?red?color,?streaked?with?veins?of? red?coral?mixed?with?brown.?It?has?the?drawback?of? being?very?difficult?to?work?because?all?the? concentric?layers?have?a?different?slant.??Perhaps?this? tree?represents?the?species?Pterocarpus? officinalisJacq?or?P.?rohrii?Vahl?(Fabaceae).??In?the? same?family,?the?species?Platymiscium?pinnatum? Dugand?on?the?shores?of?the?Caribbean?Sea?could? provide?a?similar?timber.? Cypr?s? (Cypress)? Asia? Yellow? Strippe d? Hard? (none? given)? This?tree?is?of?medium?size.?It?is?native?to?islands?of? the?Archipelago.?Possibly?this?is?the?Cupressus? sempervirensL.?(Cupressaceae).? Ebene? (Ebony)? Madagascar? Africa,? Island?of? Maurice?(off? Africa?s?east? coast)? Black? Very? hard? (none? given)? There?are?four?kinds?of?ebony?namely,?black,?red,? green?and?white.??Black?Ebony?is?the?most?common? comes?from?Madagascar.??The?finest?black?ebony?is? from?the?Island?of??Maurice?Its?Latin?name?is?most? likely?Diospyros?gracilipes?Hiern,?D.?lanceolata?Poir.? Ebene?de? Portugal? (Ebony?of? Portugal)? East?Indies? Black? and? white,? spotted? Hard?? (none? given)? Ebene?of?Portugal?is?little?used?is?very?rare?today.? This?wood?could?be?the?next?timber?and?only?called? this?by?Roubo?because?the?timber?came?through? Portugal.?? L?Ebene? rouge?(Red? Ebony)17? Madagasca r,?Africa? Brown? ?? reddish ,?black? strips? Hard?? (none? given)? This?ebony,?otherwise?know?as??granadilla??or?red? ebony?grows?in?Madagascar:?it?is?a?little?less?compact? and?less?heavy than?the?black.??It?is?generally?brown? with?black?striped.??This?wood?is?surrounded?by?a? yellow?sapwood.??A?black?wood?with?yellow?sapwood? could?be?Dalbergia?melanoxylonGuill.and?Perr.? (Fabaceae).?This?species?has?never?been?seen?in? Madagascar,?but?instead?it?is?relatively?common?in? Mozambique?and?in?other?dry?areas?Africa.? L?Ebene? verte? (Green? Ebony)? Madagasca r,?Island?of? St?Maurice? (Africa),? Antilles? Brown? with? olive? stripes? with? green? Hard? (none? given)? The?green?ebony?is?much?softer?than?the?first?two? ebony?species:?it?grows?in?Madagascar,?Mauritius? Isle,?Tobago?and?the?Caribbean.?Its?color?is?reddish? brown?to?olive?and?all?longitudinal?fibers?are?filled? with?an?ash?or?dust?green.??While?the?identification?is? not?definitive?one?variety?fitting?this?physical? description?is?uniquely?American,?Tabebuia? (Bignoniaceae).? L?Ebene? blanche? (White? Ebony)? The? Indonesian? Islands?of? Maluku? White? Hard?? (none? given)?? Little?is?known?about?the?White?Ebony?is?little? known.??The?great?Pompey?said?to?be?the?first?who? has?brought?this?wood?to?Rome?in?his? triumph?over?the?Mithridates.Writings?of?the?time? refer?to?both?black?and?white?ebony?and?Ebene?but? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 16?The?exact?wording?in?Roubo?s?text?was??des?isle?du?vent?en?amerique??which?translates?to??Island?of?Wind? America?? 17?Exact?wording?in?Roubo?s?text?was?Ebene?rouge?ou?Grenadille?which?translates?to?red?ebony?or?grenadille? (there?was?no?translation?of?Grenadilla)? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??643? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? there?is?no?way?to?know?if?this?really?was?white? ebony.??There?are?various?wood?from?Bougainville?or? various?other?Asian?species?such?as??Diospyros? (Ebenaceae)?D.blancoiA.DC.,?D.?celebicaBakh.,? D.malabaricaKostel,?etc.?that?could?fit?this? description.?? Epi?de?Bled? China,?East? Indies? Brown? and? Reddis h?with? strips? Porous?? (none? given)?? This?is?one?of?the?woods?that?is?very?unclear?as?to? what?it?is.??The?name?literally?translates?to??Ear?of? corn??which?obviously?does?not?seem?logical.???? According?to?Les?Fils?de?J.?George?s?printed?material? this?could?be?a?wood?called?Tatbu?or??Vouacapoua? Americana18?however?the?named?source?(Brazil,? French?Guiana,?Guyana?and?Peru)?for?Tatbu?is? different?than?that?provided?in?Roubo?s?text.?? Ferr?ol? Island?of? Cayenne? White? spots? and?red? Full?? (none? given)? Cayenne?Fereol?grows?on?the?Island?of?Cayenne,?The? background?of?this?wood?is?white,?and?it?is?veined?or? spotted?with?red.??The?name?of?ferr?ol?was?used?to? describe?the?French?Guiana?as?being?reddish?brown,? it?could?possibly?be?Swartzia?panacoco?or?its?variety? polyantha.??It?could?also?be?Swartzia?tomentosa?in? the?family?of?caesalpiniac?es?(photo?on?cover?of?this? section.?? ? Les?Fils?de?J.?George?s?printed?material?calls?it? Wamara?Panacoco?and?agrees?with?the?designation?? Swartzia?Tomentosa19?again?the?given?location?for? this?botanical?name?is?different?(Guyana)?from?that? provided?by?Roubo.?? Fert? Caribbean? 20? Fawn,? brown? and? black? with? small? strips? Very? hard? (none? given)?? Fert?is?a?tree?that?grows?in?the??Islands?of?America?.? Its?wood?is?extremely?hard?and?is?a?tan?or?a?brown? colour.??Its?grain?is?said?to?be?as?tight?as?Black?Ebony? it?could?be?Krugiodendron?reumUrb.?(Rhamnaceae),? which?looks?very?much?like?this?description?or? possibly?Swartiaou?of?Bocoa?(caesalpiniac?es).? Fuset? Jamaica,? West? Indies? Yellow? veined? Tender? (none? given)?? Fustic?is?a?shrub?that?comes?from?Jamaica?and? Southern?France,?its?wood?is?a?beautiful?yellow?with?? veins,?but?it?is?weak??tender?).?The?yellow?wood?is? possibly?present?on?two?continents.??It?could?be?both? the?European?and?Asian?Rhus?cotinusL.? (Anacardiaceae)?and?his?cousin?(not?Jamaica)?Rhus? cotinoidesNutt.?This?hypothesis?is?unlikely,?even? knowing?that?such?trees?can?exceed?20?cm?in? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18?From?printed?material?supplied?by?Les?fils?de?J.?George,?a?wood?and?veneer?shop?in?Paris,?France.?Material? was?obtained?in?5?January?2008.?? 19?From?printed?material?supplied?by?Les?fils?de?J.?George,?a?wood?and?veneer?shop?in?Paris,?France.?Material? was?obtained?in?5?January?2008.?? 20?Given?as?Isle?de?l?Am?rique?which?translates?to?Ilands?of?America,?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??644? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? diameter?in?India?(Eastern).?One?hypothesis,?is?that?it? was?a?wood?called?Fustic,?or?Maclura?tinctoriaSteud.? (Moraceae).??This?tree?may?become?large?and? growing?in?all?the?islands?Caribbean?and?in?many? areas?of?Central?and?South?America.??This?was?known? mainly?for?its?dye?properties.? Gayac?ou? Bois?Saint? (Guaiacum? ??the?Holy? Wood)? St? Dominique? and?Port? aux?Prince,? West? Indies? Green? ish?and? black? strips? Very? hard? (none? given)?? Gayac?or?Saint?Wood?is?grown?in?America?on?the? islands?of?S.?Domingo?and?Port?de?la?Paix.?Its?wood?is? strong,?compact?and?resinous,?its?colour?is?green,? and?it?is?striped?according?to?concentric?layers?that? are?alternately?green,?pale?or?yellow?and?black?or? dark.?The?fibers?are?so?intertwined?with?each?other,? that?they?can?not?be?separated?with?a?saw.?When? working?this?wood,?it?makes?a?strong?smell?(again? Roubo?did?not?mention?this.)?This?description?applies? to?Lignum?Vitae?(What?the?French?call?guaiac)?or?its? Latin?name?Guaiacun?officinaleL.?and?G.?sanctumL.? (zygophyllac?es).??Because?of?this?wood?s?very? special?characteristics?always?sought,??a?royal?edict? from?Louis?XIV?saught??regulate?its?operation?in?the? French?lands..? Gommier? Blanc? (White? Gum)? Guadeloup e,?West? Indies? White? veined? and? black? Hard? (none? given)?? Sometimes?referred?to?as?White?Gum.?This?tree? grows?in?Guadeloupe,?and?is?white,?streaked?with? gray,?sometimes?black.??While?sometimes?hard?and? difficult?work?other?times?it?is?tender?and?porous.? Possibly?this?tree?is?identified?with?Excelsa?Vahl? Dacryodes?(Burseraceae).?The?wood?is?pinkish?white,? rarely?with?large?reddish?veins,?but?is?subject?to?blue? stain,?which?would?explain?the?views?with?gray?veins? Roubo.?This?wood?is?soft?and?light?but?contains?many? silica,?which?makes?it?difficult?to?work.? Inde?ou? Laurier? Aromatiqu e(Campech e)? St?Croix,? Martinique ,?Grenade,? West? Indies? Glossy? red?and? yellow? Hard?and? very? heavy? Strong? Oder? India?Laurier?Aromatic?wich?is?commonly?called? "logwood"??in?English?or?Bois?de?Campeche?in?French.?? Thisis?the?heart?of?a?very?big?tree? grows?in?America,?in?the?bais?of?Campeche,?where?he? gets?his?name?It?is?used?for?dyeing.?The?wood?from? India?or?Campeche?is?the?same?as?the?aromatic?or? Laurier?Of?Jamaica?pepper,?or?tree?that?bears?the? seed?of?the?four?spices.?The?wood?described?is?now? known?as?the?Campeche,?Haematoxylon? campechianumL.?(Caesalpiniacees),?The?confusion? with?the?of?Jamaica?pepper,?Pimenta?dioicaMerr.? (Myrtaceae)?only?be?explained?by?the?fact?that?a? species?close?to?what?"Pepper,?"?Pimenta?racemosaJ.? W.?Moore?was?called.?It?seems?that?Roubo?confused? this?with?the?logwood?logwood?par?excellence?which? comes?from?india.?? Jacaranda? East?Indies? White? and? Black? Hard?? Nice?smell? Jacaranda,?large?tree?that?grows?in?the?East?Indies,? where?there?are?two?species,?one?white?and?one? black,?and?both?are?marbled?and?very?hard,?but?only? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??645? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? marble? the?black?has?an?odour.?The?Jacaranda?is?a?name? from?the?Guarani?language,?designating?trees?of?the? genus?Dalbergia?(Fabaceae),?Roubo?could?have? confuse?? East?and?West?Indies.?Nevertheless,?it?is?possible? he?could?have?ment?genuine?rosewood?of?India? (Eastern)?Dalbergia?latifoliaRoxb?perhaps?harvested? by?the?Portuguese?from?their?possessions?in?Brazil? who?have?given?their?name?Jacaranda?because?of? their?similarity?with?rosewood.? Jaune? (Yellow? Satine)? Antilles,? Tobago?? Yellow? and? gold? colour? ed? wavy? veins? Full? (none? given)? The?tree?which?produces?this?wood?becomes?very? large?and?it?grows?in?the?Caribbean?and?Island?of? Tobago,?where?it?was?appointed?as?"Fustoc"?or? "Clairembourg".?Its?colour?is?a?beautiful?dark?yellow?? approaching?that?of?gold,?also?called?"yellow?satin".? It?grows?in?North?America,?a?large?tree?called?"Tulip? Tree"?grows?in?North?American?and?is?believed?to?be? the?same?yellow?wood.?The?tulip?tree?can?be?the? tulip?tree?of?Virginia???Liriodendron?tulipiferaL.? (Magnoliaceae).? Lapir?? West? Indies? Red?? and? yellow? Full? Very?good? smell? This?could?be?a?large?tree?that?grows?in?Cayenne,? whos?heart?is?mixed?read?and?yellow?and?which?has?a? very?nice?odour.??While?the?description?here?is?not? good?enough?to?make?a?definitive?determination,? perhaps?this?is?Tapirira?guianensis?Aubl.? (Anacardiaceae)?which?produces?a?white?pink?wood? or?it?could?be?Loxopterygium?sagotii?or?Thyrsodium? guianense?Sagot?which?has?a?heartwood?that?is? reddish?beighe?with?veins?and?golden?reflections.?? Muscadier? (Nutmeg)? East?Indies? (none? given)?? Soft?? (none? given)? It?is?unclear?what?this?is,?although?the?name? translates?to??nutmeg??there?is?too?little?information? to?confirm?that?it?is?indeed?the?nutmeg:??Myristica? fragransHoutt.?(myristicac?es),? ?il?de? Perdrix?ou? Bois?de? Perdrix? (Eye?of? Partridge)? East?Indies? Grey? brown? Very? hard? (none? given)? According?to?P.?D?tienne?21?there?is?no?indication?as? to?what?this?wood?might?be.??This?name?has?not?been? used?in?the?C20th?and?as?a?result,?the?origins?to?this? wood?have?been?lost?completely.?? Olivier? (Olive)? Syria,? Middle? East? Yellow? brown? with? strips? Hard?? (none? given)?? This?tree?is?native?to?Syria,?and?grows?to?the?south? Europe?it?is?known?as?the?Mediterranean?olive?tree,? Olea?europaeaL.?(Oleaceae).? Oranger? (Orange? Tree)? China,? Europe? Yellow? and? white? Full? Very?good? odour? The?Orange?Tree?is?of?medium?size?and?comes?from? China,?where?the?Portuguese?brought?it?to?seed:?the? wood?is?quite?compact,?yellow?and?white?in?the? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 21?D?tienne,?P.,?2002,?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par?Roubo?en?1774,?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques,?No?274,?(4),?p.? 95.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??646? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? heart.?This?short?description?can?be?applied?to?wood? called?Citrus?aurantiumL.?(Rutaceae).?It?is?possible? that?the?author?speaks?as?an?exotic?curiosity,?not?as?a? timber?actually? used.? Plane?ou? Platane? (Plane)? Asia,? America? White? Full? (none? given)?? This?tree?which?comes?from?Asia?and?North?America,? its?wood?is?white?and?it?looks?similar?that?of?the? Beech.??Probably,?this?is?what?is?called?London?plan,? which?has?two?possible?origins:??Platanus? occidentalisL?and?P.?orientalisL.?(platanac?es).? Puant22? Cape?of? Good? Hope,? Africa? Wavy? 23? Full? Bad?smell24? This?fine?grained?tree?reaches?the?size?of?an?oak?and? it?grows?at?the?Cape?of?Good?Hope.??The?name?of?this? timber?is?most?likely?the?tree?given?by?Mauritius?? (Foetidia?mauritiana?(l?cythidac?es)).?Despite?its?foul? odor,?the?wood?was?widely?used?as?a?result?the? species?is?endangered.? Rhode?ou? Asphalate( Rhode? Asphalate)? Jamaica?? White? Full? Good?and? very? penetratin g?smell? There?is?no?agreement?about?the?nature?of?this? wood.??It?could?be?one?of?two?species?of?wood?one? that?comes?from?Jamaica?and?the?other?Caribbean? Islands.?The?first?kind?has?the?thickness?of?the?thigh? of?a?man,?its?bark?is?rough?and?brown,?and?filled?with? thorns,?the?wood?is?solid?white.??Most?likely?it?is?the? tree?belonging?to?the?genus?Zanthoxylum?(Rutaceae).?? Rose?ou? Boise? Marble? (Tulip? wood)? Antilles? Yellow? and?red? strip? ped? Full? Rose?smell? From?the?Antilles;?it?is?mixed?with?yellow?and?light? red?purple?slices?prepared?by?roughly?equal? amounts.??It?has?a?slight?odour.?Its?Latin?name?is? probably?Palizander?Dalbergia?decipularis.? Rouge?ou? Bois?de? Sang?(Red? Blood? wood)? Nicaragua? Dark? red? Hard? (none? given)?? It?is?a?tree?that?grows?near?the?Gulf?of?Nicaragua,?its? wood?is?hard,?it?has?a?beautiful?red?colour,?and?is? used?in?dyeing.?The?name?and?descriptions?are?too? vague?to?designate?a?species???possibly?it?is? Brasilettia?velutina?Britt?or?Haematoxylon? campechianumL,?or?Libidibia?coriaria?Schl? (caesalpiniac?es).? Santal?? citrin? (Sandle?? wood)? China,? Siam,? Islands?of? Solar?and? Timor? (East? Indies)? Red? white? Full?? Smells?of? lemon? Sandal?or?Sandalwood:?there?are?three?species?of? Sandalwood,?namely,?the??citrine??(this?version),? white?and?red.?The?yellow??citrine??grows?in?China,? the?kingdom?of?Siam,?and?the?Islands?of?Solor?and? Timor.??This?wood?is?a?pale?red?or?yellowish?color,? pulling?the?lemon?taste?and?it?is?aromatic,?slightly? bitter.??It?is?probably?what?is?called?Santalum?albumL.? (Santalacees).? Santal?? China,? Red? Hard?? Smells?like? Similar?to?sandalwood,?it?is?believed?that?it?is?the? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 22?Literally?this?translates?to??stinking?,?which?doesn?t?seem?to?relate?to?any?wood?that?could?be?found.??As?a? result,?it?was?left?in?its?original?French?text.?? 23?The?word?is?ond?,?which?translates?to??wave?;?no?other?colour?information?was?given.??? 24?The?exact?phrase?used?is??de?mauvaise?odeur??which?literally?translates?to??bad?smell?.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??647? Woods?of?Roubo? Information?Taken?From?Roubo5? Name?of? Wood? Location? of?Source? Colour? Quality? Odour? Comments6? blanc? (White? Sandle?? wood)? Siam,?Isle? of?Solar?&? Timor? (East? Indies)? mixed? with? yellow? and? brown? sandle? wood?but? weaker? same?tree?whose?heart?is?yellow?with?white?tips?and? the?heartwood?is?yellow?beige.? Santal? rouge?ou? Caliatour? (Red? Sandle?? wood)? Southeast? coast?of? India? Red? veined? with? yellow? Full? (none? given)?? The?red?sandalwood?also?called?"Pantagna??comes? from?the?southeast?India.?It?is?red?brown?(almost? black)?on?the?outside,?and?inside?it?is?a?dark?red,? mixed?with?a?little?yellow.?This?red?wood,?which?is? the?sapwood?gradually?darkens?to?black?as?a?reaction? to?the?light,?is?that?trees?of?the?genus?Pterocarpus? (Fabaceae).? Satin?? Rouge? (Red? Satine)? East?Indies? Red? veined? and? yellow? Full? (none? given)?? This?tree?grows?in?the?Caribbean.?The?grain?is?rather? wavy?or?as?striped?with?several?colours,?veined?red? background?with?yellow,?dark?red,?mingled?with? olive?gray.??This?wood?has?always?seemed? transparent,?which?makes?its?chief?beauty.?The?name? satin?or?red?satin?or?satin?ribbon,?refers?to?the? Guyana's?wood?species?Brosimum?rubescens?Taub.? (moracees).?? Violet? (King? wood)? East?Indies? White? veins? and? violet? strips? Full?? Odour?of? violets,? very?sweet? This?wood?is?thought?to?come?from?the?East?Indies? and?was?probably?brought?in?by?the?Dutch.??It?is? similar?to?Rosewood,?but?whose?dominant?colour?is? brown?purple?almost?black,?winy?striped?with?white.? This?wood?smells?of?violets,?which,?together?with?its? colour,?made?him?give?the?name?of?Violet?in?Roubo?s? text.?There?was?probably?some?confusion?between? this?wood?and?several?others?including?Jacaranda? and?other?types?of?Rosewoods.??It?is?similar?to?a? variety?from?India?Dalbergia?latifolia?Roxb.?? Violet? palissandr e,?dit?Ste.? Lucie? (Rose? wood)?? St?Lucia,? West? Indies? Grey? Brown? veined?? Porous? Stronger? than?King? wood?? Called??Violete?palissandre?dit?Ste?Lucie??which?is?the? name?given?by?Roubo?is,?according?to?P.?D?tienne25,? actually?thought?to?come?from?India?(The?name? suggests?that?this?wood?or?a?similar?wood?was?found? in?St?Lucia.??Perhaps?this?wood?has?similar? characteristics?as?a?wood?from?St?Lucia.).?This?wood? is?less?beautiful?than?the?Kingwood?(called??Violet??by? Roubo),?This?wood?has?a?more?porous,?grain?its? colour?is?a?dark?brown?rather?than?Kingwood,?sown?a? few?veins?of?a?red?and?one?who?has?more?of?these? veins?is?the?most?sought.??It?is?very?similar?to?woods? found?in?Guatemala?Honduras,?Dalbergia?tucurensis? Donn.?Sm.?(Fabaceae)?and?Brazil?(and?especially?the? "Rio",?Dalbergia?nigra?Fr?Allem.)?and?the?European? Prunus?mahaleb?L.?(Rosaceae).? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 25?D?tienne,?P.,?2002,?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par?Roubo?en?1774,?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques,?No?274,?(4),?p.? 96.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE:?Appendix?I?Woods?Listed?in?Roubo?s?Text??????????????????????????????Page??648? ? ? ? ? ?