? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?394? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? Gum?Adraganth?? Also?called?Adraganth?and?Gum?Tragacanth;?This?gum?comes?from?a?small?shrub?which?is?abundant?in?Levant? (Middle?East),?Candia?and?Spain.3?? Levant?(Middle? East),?Spain,?? Varnishes?? Alkanet? Made?from?the?root?of?the?Anchusa?tinctoria,?this?is?a?red?dye?that?soluble?in?alcohols,?oils?and?waxes.?? Probably?this?was?primarily?used?by?textile?dyers?but?could?have?had?applications?in?other?areas.4? ?France?? Germany? Dyes? Alcohol? See?Spirit?of?Wine? NA? NA? Aloes? An?extract?from?a?number?of?different?types?of?aloes.??The?dried?resin?can?be?used?as?a?dye?and?by? processing?it?with?nitric?acid.??This?was?not?used?very?often.?? West?Indies? Dyes? Alum? Potassium?aluminium?sulphate?used?in?conjunction?with?other?materials?to?help?bring?out?the?colours?and?to? stabilize?the?colour.???This?was?spelled??allom??in?Parker,?G.?and?Stalker,?J.?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and? Varnishing,5?? ? NA? Mordant?for?dyes?? Alkanet?root? A?red?dye?that?comes?from?the?root?of?an?herb?(Batchia?canescens)?Frequently?used?for?food?colouring?as? well?as?textile?dyes.?(It?is?also?used?by?alchemists?to??purify?the?area?of?negativity?and?to?attract?prosperity?)? Alkanet?is?grown?in?the?south?of?France?and?on?the?shores?of?the?Levant.? South?of?France,? The?Levant?(Middle? East)? Dye? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3?There?were?several?sources?that?were?used?throughout?this?document,?such?as?P.?Tingry,?A?Painters?and?Varnisher's?Guide,?G.?Kearsley,?London,?1804,?.?E.?Chambers,? Cyclopaedia?or?an?Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,?London,?1781.,??A.?Ure,?A?Dictionary?of?the?Arts,?Manufacturing?and?Mines,?London,?1839.,??J.?Barrow,?New?and? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,?John?Hinton,?London,?1754.,?G.?Gregory,?Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,?In?two?Volumes,?Richard?Phillips,?London,?1806.,? Sheraton,?T.,?The?Cabinet?Dictionary,?W.?Smith,?London,?UK,1803.,?T.?Penn,?Decorative?and?Protective?Finishes:??1750?1850?Materials,?Process?and?Craft,?Bulletin?of?the? Association?for?Preservation?Technology,?Vol?16,?No?1,?1984,?pp.?3?46,?as?well?as?on?line?sources?such?as?the?Encyclopedia?Britanica?and?Wikipedia?which?were?used?to?verify? some?pieces?of?information?such?as?the?locations?of?re?named?countries?or?the?Latin?names?of?some?plants.?? 4?This?ingredient?was?found?in?T.?Penn,?1984,?Decorative?and?Protective?Finishes:??1750?1850?Materials,?Process?and?Craft,?Bulletin?of?the?Association?for?Preservation? Technology,?Vol?16,?No?1,?PP?4?however?it?was?not?found?in?any?of?the?recipe?books?on?the?subject.?? 5?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?Alex?Tiranti?Limited,?Reading,?OX,?UK,?1998.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?395? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? Amber? Generally?known?as?yellow?amber?or?Karabe?or?yellow?amber,?it?is?most?similar?to?Copal?in?nature.??It?is?a? fossil?resin?of?some?type?of?vegetable?origin?comes?from?mines?in?Prussia,?Ancona,?Sicily,?Saxony,?Poland,? Sweden?and?France?(Thought?to?come?from?the?Pinus?succinifer?which?is?a?prehistoric?conifer.).??It?is?found? both?white?and?opaque.??Sometimes?it?is?exceedingly?transparent?and?of?a?pale?yellow?colour?other?times?it? is?a?dark?golden?colour.??It?is?used?to?make?jewellery?and?other?trinkets,?but?also?in?varnishes.?? Much?of?Europe?but? historically,?most? came?from?Russia.?? Varnishes?? Ammonia? ? When?used?as?a?chemical?stain,?ammonia?can?be??applied??by?fuming?or?in?liquid?form?to?produce?a?range?of? brown?tones.??To?do?this?one?can?fume?the?wood?by?placing?it?in?airtight?area?with?an?open?container?of? Ammonia.??Wood?will?change?within?24?hours.??Another?way?is?to?apply?with?a?brush?or?sponge,?spread?it? evenly?across?the?entire?surface.????Let?it?dry?between?applications.??It?can?be?re?applied?until?the?desired? colour?is?produced.? ? Ammonia?reacts?with?the?Tannin?in?the?wood,?by?itself?Ammonia?can?only?work?with?woods?that?contain? tannin???e.g.?Oak,?walnut?and?mahogany.??If?the?wood?has?a?low?Tannin?content,?Tannic?Acid?can?be?applied? (Brush?on?the?tannic?acid,?then?allow?it?to?dry?before?applying?the?Ammonia.? NA? Dyes?? Gum?Anima? There?are?two?different?kinds?one?found?in?Ethiopia?(from?the?Trachylobium?mossam?bicense)?and?the?other? from?the?Brazil?and??New?Spain??(from?the?Hymenaea?courbaril?tree).??They?appear?marbled?with?white,? opaque?and?yellow?transparent?veins.??However?according?to?Tingry?this?gum?comes?primarily?from?the? Courbati?tree6.??In?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing7,?this?is?referred?to?as?Gum?Aulmae.??It?further? suggests?that?this?should?be?the??whitest,?clearest?and?most?transparent??as?possible.??It?is?difficult?to?use,?as? it?will?only?dissolve?in?oil?after?being?heated?to?a?very?high?temperature.??However,?it?was?thought?to?impart? a?lustre?and?durability?to?varnishes?and?therefore?was?a?desired?ingredient.?? Brazil? ?New?Spain?(Mexico? and?Western?US)? Varnishes?? Annatto?(Seeds)? A?reddish?dye?used?for?colouring?foodstuffs,?textiles,?and?wood.??This?seed?(From?the?Bixa?orellana),?Annatto? is?commonly?found?in?Latin?America?and?Caribbean?cuisines?as?both?a?coloring?agent?and?for?flavoring.?This? spirit?stain?makes?reddish?yellow?or?brown?stain?crushing?the?seeds?in?a?mortar?with?pestle?and?to?soak?them? in?alcohol?makes?it.? Central?and?South? America?and?the? Caribbean? Dyes? Aquafortis? This?is?a?solution?of?nitric?acid?(HNO3).??It?was?used?in?alchemy?as?a?solvent?for?dissolving?most?other?metals? NA? Dyes?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 6?P.?Tingry,?A?Painters?and?Varnisher's?Guide,?G.?p.??21.? 7?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,??A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?3.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?396? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? with?notable?exceptions?of?gold?and?platinum?that?can?only?be?dissolved?using?aqua?regia.? Aqua?regia?or? aqua?regis? (Latin?for?royal?water?or?king?s?water)?is?a?highly?corrosive,?fuming?yellow?or?red?solution,?also?called?nitro? hydrochloric?acid.?The?mixture?is?formed?by?freshly?mixing?concentrated?nitric?acid?and?concentrated? hydrochloric?acid,?(usually?in?a?volumetric?ratio?of?1:3?respectively.)? NA? Dyes? Gum?Arabic? Also?known?as?Gum?Acacia,?Chaar?gund,?Char?goond,?Acacia??enegal?or?meska.??This?gum?is?taken?from?the? incision?made?in?the?trunk?of?an?acacis?tree?in?the?sub?Saharan?Africa?as?well?as?in?Oman,?Pakistan?and?parts? of?India.??It?is?usually?yellowish?white,?but?sometimes?a?dark?amber?colour?brittle?and?brilliant.??It?is?used?to? prevent?the?varnish?from?penetrating?the?wood?on?the?item?being?varnished.??The?gum?is?extracted?from? trees?throughout?the?Sahel?from?Central?Africa,?the?Sudan,?to?Somalia;?historically?it?has?come?from?the? middle?east?and?West?Asia.??A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing?8?suggest?getting?gum?that?is? transparent.?? Africa? Pakistan/India? Varnishes?? Armoniak,?Bole? Mentioned?in?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing?9?and?is?described?as??fine?as?red?Oker??suggesting?that? it?is?the?material?that?goes?by?one?of?several?names?such?as?Armenian?bole,?bolus?armenus?or?bole?armoniac,? this?is?a?highly?pigmented?(usually)?red?clay.?? Middle?East? Filler,?a?type?of? paint? Archil? A?dye?or?stain?derived?from?lichen?(rocella)?that?grows?on?rocks?on?the?coast?of?the?Mediterranean,?in?the? Canary?and?Cape?Verde?Islands.??The?colour?is?an?attractive?purple?colour,?but?it?is?not?very?durable.?? According?to?10Gregory?s?Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,?it?is?pounded?and?then?kept?moist?with?stale?urine.?? ? Mediterranean? Dyes?? Barberry? fruit/roots? Berberis?vulgaris?The?roots?are?used?to?produce?a?yellow?dye.??The?fruit?is?highly?acidic?and?can?be?used?as?a? mordant?in?the?dyeing?process.??The?fruit?is?thought?to?have?medicinal?purposes.??There?are?varieties?that? are?grown?throughout?the?world.??It?is?considered?native?to?Central?and?Southern?Europe,?Northwest?Africa? and?West?Asia;?but?it?can?also?be?found?in?the?British?isles,?America,?and?New?Zealand.?? Central?and? Southern?Europe? Northwest?Africa? West?Asia? Dyes? Beeswax? Made?by?bees?this?is?known?as?a?very?hard?wax?that?is?used?in?a?variety?of?products?including?candles,?food? coatings,?modelling?and?in?furniture?polish.???In?addition?to?being?hard,?it?has?a?high?melting?temperature? Multiple?Locations? Waxes,?Varnishes? Benjamin? This?hard?brittle?gum?is?a?resinous?sap?similar?to?badamier.????It?is?also?known?as?Benzoin,?gum?Benzoin,?gum? India?? Varnishes? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 8?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?3,? 9?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?3.? 10?G.?Gregory,?Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,?In?two?Volumes,?Richard?Phillips,?London,?1806. ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?397? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? Benjamin,?Benzoin?resin?or?styrax?resin?obtained?from?the?Styrax?benzoin?or?in?North?america?from?the? Laurus?benzoin.??It?is?a?red?brown?aromatic?balsamic?resin?and?is?used?to?reduce?the?brittleness?of?varnishes.?? It?is?thought?to?have?come?from?India?and?Sumatra;?however?there?is?some?confusion?in?regards?to?this.??This? should?be?a?reddish?colour.?11??While?this?ingredient?was?thought?to?add?some?lustre?to?the?varnish,?its? primary?reason?for?being?added?was?that?it??smelled?good?.? Sumatra? North?America? Brick?Dust? Dust?from?red?clay?bricks.??Frequently?used?as?a?grain?filler?for?reddish?coloured?woods?(in?particular? mahogany).?? NA? Wood?grain?filler? ? Brazilwood? Produces?both?a?bright?red?and?a?purplish?colour.??Comes?from?various?tropical?trees?(genus?caesalpinia)?The? sawdust?of?the?heartwood?is?used?to?produce?a?colour.?It?is?usually?extracted?by?boiling?it?in?water.??? South?America? (primarily?Brazil)? Dyes? Buckthorn? Berries? Also?called?Persian?or?French?berries12.??Family?of?plants?named??Rhamnaceae?.??The?berries,?if?picked?before? they?are?ripe?will?produce?a?yellow?dye.?The?bark?also?produces?a?yellow?dye.??When?ripe?and?mixed?with? gum?arabic?and?lime?water?they?form?a?pigment?known?as??sap?green??or??bladder?green?.??Also?called? Persian?berry?or?Avignon?berry,?varieties?of?this?plant?are?located?throughout?the?world?including?Europe,? England,?as?well?as?the?Americas,?Africa?and?Asia.?? ? Europe? England? America? Africa? Asia? Dyes? ? Burgundy?Pitch? This?form?of?spruce?pitch?comes?from?France.?? France? Waxes? Camphor? A?transparent?vegetable?substance,?which?readily?dissolves?in?alcohol?(rectified?spirit?of?wine).??In?limited? quantities?it?gives?an?additional?toughness?to?the?varnish?formula?and?it?prevents?cracking.??It?is?also?helpful? to?better?enable?the?resins?to?mix?together.?It?is?found?in?wood?of?the?camphor?laurel?(Cinnamomum? camphora),?a?large?evergreen?tree?found?in?Asia?(particularly?in?Borneo?and?Taiwan)? ? Asia?? Varnishes? Campeachy? ?See?Logwood.? NA? NA? Caoutchouc? Obtained?from?the?Seringat?tree?in?South?America.??It?resists?alcohol?and?is?not?soluble?in?water.??It?is?an? elastic?resin?obtained?from?the?latex?sap?of?trees?(especially?trees?of?the?genera?Hevea?and?Ficus)?that?can?be? South?America? Varnishes? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 11 G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?P?4. 12?It?should?be?pointed?out?that?there?is?some?confusion?in?the?literature?about?these?two?names?and?whether?or?not?they?referred?to?the?same?product.??It?could?be?that?the? Persian?berry?is?from?the?Rhamnus?while?the?French?beris?is?from?the?Rhamnus?infectorius?(which?is?slightly?smaller?than?the?former.)?T.?Penn,?Decorative?and?Protective? Finishes:??1750?1850?Materials,?Process?and?Craft? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?398? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? vulcanized?and?finished?into?a?variety?of?products.? Carthamus? The?flower?of?a?plant?(Carthmus?tinctorius),?which?can?be?used?to?produce?two?separate?colours???Red?or? Yellow.?? Spain? Middle?East? Dyes? Chio?Turpentine? Turpentine?that?is?made?from?Mediterranean?pines.?? Mediterranean?? Varnishes?&? solvent? Colophony? A?hard?resin?that?comes?from?the?sap?of?some?conifers?such?as?pines,?firs,?spruce?and?larch?trees.??It?is?the? resin?that?is?left?after?the?distillation?of?the?spirits?of?turpentine?has?been?removed.?Sometimes?called? Colophonium,?Arcancon,?Bria?Sec,?and?Poix?Grecque.??This?could?cause?problems?as?it?could?remain?tacky? when?dried?and?was?not?very?durable.? South?Eastern?US? Mediterranean? ? Varnishes?? Cochineal? This?red?spirit?stain?is?made?from?the?bodies?of?the?cochineal?insect?(Coccus?cacti).?This?dye?is?soluble?in?both? water?and?alcohol.??This?dye?was?used?in?Mexico?and?in?Guatemala?before?the?Europeans?visited?the?area.??It? also?comes?from?India?(the?Chatechu?tree)?and?from?Indonesia?and?Ceylon?(the?plant).??It?is?maid?by?killing? the?insect?in?water,?placed?in?a?heated?oven?or?laid?out?in?the?sun.??Later?they?were?made?liquid?by?soaking? the?dried?bodies?in?water.??? Mexico?? New?Spain? Dyes?? Copal? Also?know?as?Gum?Copal.??This?material?is?a?resin,?which?comes?from?a?tree?(the?Rhus?copallinum)?in?New? Spain,?East?Africa,?Central?America,?and?the?East?Indies.??Copal?is?known?to?produce?a?hard?transparent? substance.??Two?forms?have?been?mentioned?in?some?texts.??First?is?a?hard?copal?and?are?fossilized?and? require?intense?heat?before?they?can?be?mixted.??The?second?is?a?soft?copal,?which?are?usually?from?Brazil? and?Southeast?Asia?and?are?readily?soluble?in?alcohol?and?Turpentine.??In?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and? Varnishing?13?this?is?referred?to?as?Gum?Capall.??Again?the?rule?for?selecting?the?best?is?to?get?the???whites,? freest?from?dross?and?thick?dark?stuff.???Copal?had?to?be?heated?to?a?hight?temperature?to?dissolve?and?it? had?to?be?mixed?with?very?hot?oil.??However?it?produced?a?very?hard?and?bright?varnish.?? South?and?Central? America?? East?Indies.? Southeast?Asia? Varnishes? Copper?Acetate? Copper?acetate?is?occasionally?the?primary?component?of?verdigris?the?blue?green?substance?that?forms?on? copper?during?long?exposures?to?atmosphere.?? NA? Dyes? Copperas? Known?by?several?different?names,?such?as?Ferrous?sulphate;?green?vitriol;?iron?vitriol;?copperas;? melanterite;?and?szomolnokite.???Ferrous?sulfate?was?used?in?the?manufacture?of?inks,?most?notably?iron?gall? ink,?which?was?used?from?the?middle?ages?until?the?end?of?the?eighteenth?century.??It?also?finds?use?in?wool? NA? Dyes? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,??A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?4.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?399? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? dyeing?as?a?mordant.??Woodworkers?have?also?been?known?to?use?ferrous?sulfate?solutions?to?color?maple? wood?a?silvery?hue.???Below?are?some?variations?of?the?different?types?of?Copperas.?? ?? Blue:??Ferrous?Sulphate? Yellow:?Zinc?Sulphate? ? Green:?Iron?Sulphate? Copper? Sulphate? This?chemical?stain?produces?a?grey?brown?colour?when?applied?to?wood.??Ammonia?applied?after?the? copper?sulphate?will?enhance?the?effect.?Copper?Sulphate?is?called??bluestone?,?blue?copperas??or??blue? vitriol??in?many?of?the?old?formulas.? NA? Dyes? Copper? Sulphate?? Also?know?as?Blue?Vitriol?or?Copper?Mordant,?it?is?used?as?both?a?mordant?and?as?a?dye.? NA? Dyes? Cream?of?Tartar?? Frequently?used?with?other?mordents,?used?as?a?levelling?agent?especially?with?cochineal?and?madder?root.? NA? Mordant?for?dyes? Cutch? Also?called?Catechu?cachou,?cashoo,?or?Japan?earth,?this?is?the?brown?resin?extracted?from?Acacia?trees.? Found?in?Indonesia?and?in?India.??The?rich?browns?form?a?good?basis?for?Logwood?Black.?Cutch?is?usually?sold? as?an?extract?that?will?dissolve?in?alcohol.?? Indonesia?? India? Varnishes? Cyprus? Turpentine? (See?Turpentine)? NA? NA? Dammar? This?is?another?resin?from?various?species?of?the?Damara?such?as?the?pinaceous?trees?or?the? dipterocarpaceous?trees?of?Southeast?Asia,?Australia?and?New?Zealand.??It?is?very?clear?and?is?soluble?in? Spirits?of?Turpentine?and?partially?soluble?in?alcohol.??It?was?its?clarity?that?made?this?resin?useful,?however,? by?itself?it?was?not?very?durable.??The?new?Zealand?version?of?this?resin?is?sometimes?called?Kauri.??? Southeast?Asia? Australia? New?Zealand? Varnishes? Dog?Welk? Also?called?an?Atlantic?dogwinkle?and?the?Latin?name?is?Nucella?lapillus.??It?is?a?type?of?shell?of?a?sea?snail.?? Used?to?make?a?red?purple?dye.?? Coasts?of?Europe? and?North?west? coast?of?North? America? Dyes?? Dragon?s?blood? This?is?a?bright?red?to?red?brown?coloured?resin?that?is?obtained?from?different?species?of?a?number?of? distinct?palm?trees?(such?as?the?Calamus?drago).??Over?time?they?have?come?from?a?number?of?different? plants?and?at?times,?it?has?been?reported?the?sources?are?somewhat?confusing???In?the?15th?Century?it?was? picked?up?from?the?tree?Dracaena?draco?in?the?Canary?Islands?and?Morocco,?later?it?was?found?on?islands?off? the?African?coast?and?in?a?type?of?palm?tree?in?the?Indonesian?islands.??This?substance?dissolves?in?alcohol.?? Canary?Islands? Jamaca? Morocco? South?America? Indonesian?Islands?? Dyes? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?400? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? Dyer?s?weed? Also?known?as?Green?Weed,?Green?Wood,?Woad,?Dyer?s?Woad?or?Wood?waxen,?This?term?is?used?for? several?different?plants.??Historically?this?plant?has?been?used?to?produce?a?yellow?dye?(mignonette)?It?can?be? found?in?a?variety?of?areas?such?as?many?Mediterranean?countries.?Canary?Islands.?Western?Asia?and?Britain.? Mediterranean? Canary?Islands? Western?Asia? Britain? Dyes? Gallic?Acid? A?substance?found?in?nutgalls.??Probably?used?toward?the?end?of?this?period.?? ? Dyes?? Gum?Elemi? There?are?different?kinds?of?this?gum?coming?from?different?species?of?Canarium.??One?from?Ethiopia?which? is?hard,?greenish?in?colour?and?the?other?is?from?Brazil?which?is?soft?glutinous?and?yellowish?in?colour.??The? African?variety?is?preferred?for?Varnish?because?of?its?consistency?and?colour.??Elemi?is?added?to?varnishes?to? counter?the?brittleness?that?sometimes?occurs.??The?qualifications?for?this?are?that?it?be?white,?hard?and?little? or?no?foreign?objects14.?? Ethiopia? (Brazil)? Varnishes? Ferrous? Sulphate? ?Iron???sometimes?known?as?copperas,?green?vitriol,?iron?vitriol;?copperas,?melanterite,?and?szomolnokite?.?? Copperas?was?used?with?nutgalls?to?produce?a?black?colour?or?with?indigo?to?produce?different?shades?of? blue,?and?directly?on?maple?to?produce?a?silver?colour.?? NA? Dyes? French?Berries? This?is?also?called?Avignon?berries?and?they?are?the?berris?of?a?small?buckthorn?shrub?of?the?Rhamnus? infectoria,?which?grows?along?the?northern?Mediterranean?coast.??It?s?colour?is?brought?out?by?boiling?it?in? water.?? Northern? Mediterranean?? Dyes? Fustic? ?Young?Fustic??is?used?to?make?a?yellow?dye.??It?has?very?high?tannin?content.??The?tree?comes?under?a? number?of?different?names:??Smoke?Tree,?Wig?Tree,?Venetian?Sumac,?and?Hungarian?Yellow?wood???its?Latin? name?is?the?Morus?tinctoria.??This?plant?is?native?to?a?large?area?from?southern?Europe,?east?across?central? Asia?and?the?Himalaya?to?northern?China.?It?is?produced?by?boiling?the?chips?of?wood?in?water.?? ? According?to?Gilbert,?this?wood?is?also?used?as?a?veneer?which?is?yellow?to?start?but?turns?a??dead??brown? after?exposure?to?light?and?air15? Southern?Europe? Northern?China? West?Indies? Dyes? Gallipot?? Also?called?white?incense?or?Barras.??This?is?a?resinous?substance?produced?by?the?pine?and?silver?fir?tree.??It? starts?as?the?soft?resin?adhering?to?the?bark?but?it?is?rectified?by?the?air?and?sun.?The?different?names?denote? the?levels?of?quality?with?the?Gallipot?being?the?lowest?quality,?and??white?incense?being?the?highest,?most? Unknown? Varnishes? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 14?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,??A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?4.? 15?C.?Gilbert,?The?Life?and?Works?of?Thomas?Chippendale,?Studio?Vista/Christies,?London,?1978,?p.?128.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?401? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? refined?quality.?? Gamboge? Gamboge?is?an?alcohol?and?water?soluble?resin?used?to?tint?spirit?varnishes?yellow?or?to?make?a?yellow?spirit? stain.??It?is?a?yellow?resin?produced?by?the?garcinia?genus?trees?that?grow?in?India.??This?is?mentioned?in? Parker?and?Stalker?s?16?book,?that?one?needs?to?watch?out?for?this?being??dirty,?thick?and?full?of?dross.??? India? Varnishes? Glauber?s?salt? ?Sodium?sulphate???Used?as?a?levelling?agent.? NA? Dyes? Gum?Guaicum? Also?known?as?Guaiac,?Guaiacum?and?Gum?Guaiacum.??A?resin?of?a?greenish?cast?derived?from?the?lignum? vitae?tree?of?tropical?America.? Central?and?South? America? Varnishes? Gum?Guttae? Also?called?Gambode,?Bum?Gutta,?Gutta?Gamba,?Gomboge,?Bamandra?or?Peruvian?Gum.??From?much?of?the? kingdom?of?Siam?and?China,?this?resin?is?removed?from?the?Carcapulli?tree.??The?Resin?is?imported?dray,?solid? hard?opak?and?inflammable?used?primarily?in?watercolours.?? South?East?Asia? (Siam)? China? Watercolours? Henna? Henna?is?a?water?stain?that?comes?as?a?powder?that?is?mixed?with?hot?water.??It?is?derived?from?a?flowering? plant,?Lawsonia?inermis,?and?this?plant?is?grown?in?regions?of?Africa,?southern?Asia,?and?northern?Australasia? in?semi?arid?zones? Africa,?Southern? Asia,?Northern? Australasia? Dyes? Indigo? The?water?stain,?Indigo,?makes?a?rich?blue?colour.??There?are?a?number?of?different?plants?that?provide?this? dye?colour?such?as?the?genus?Indigofera,?which?are?located?in?temperate?climates,?indigo?can?be?derived? from?woad?(Isatis?tinctoria)?or??dyer?s?knotweed?(Polygonum?tinctorum)??It?is?thought?that?the?plant,?? Indigofera?species?yields?more?dye.?The?primary?source,?historically?as?been?Asia?but?late?it?was?taken?from? Central?and?South?America.?? East?and?West? Indies? Dyes? Iron? Compounds? Again?this?is?a?chemical?stain,?this?one?produces?grey?to?black?colours.??It?works?on?gradual?bases,?with?each? coat?increasing?the?darkness?of?the?colour.??These?compounds?work?with?the?Tannin?so?if?the?wood?does?not? have?much,?Tannic?Acid?must?be?added.? To?mahogany,?the?result?is?greyish?brown;?to?oak?&?walnut?this?formula?will?turn?black,?to?pine?&?fir?(after?a? tannic?acid?wash)?this?formula?will?produce?a?weathered?grey.? Dissolve?one?ounce?of?Iron?Sulphate?in?water?and?apply?to?the?wood.?Finishers?sometimes?made?iron?stains? by?placing?scraps?of?iron?or?steal?in?earthenware?with?vinegar.??These?were?left?in?solution?for?about?1?week? ??the?longer?the?darker.??? (Everywhere)? Dyes? Iron?Liquor? Used?to?produce?a?grey?brown?to?black?colour.?Sometimes?this?is?made?by?soaking?rusted?iron?in?water?with? (Everywhere)? Dyes? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 16?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,??A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?4.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?402? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? the?addition?of?acetic?acid??(vinegar)?and?tannic?acid?(nutgalls)?this?could?be?used?with?nut?gal?to?produce?the? black.? Isinglass? A?type?of?fish?glue?or?ichthyocolla?is?from?the?air?bladder?of?a?sturgeon?from?the?Black?Sea.??Can?be?used?to? give?a?lustre?and?stiffness?to?ribbons?and?gauzes?such?as?varnish.???According?to?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and? Varnishing17,?this?should?be?clear?and?white??Freest?from?yellowness?.?? Black?Sea?Area? Glues? Kermes? Another?red?spirit?stain?made?from?the?dried?bodies?of?another?small?insect?(the?Coccus?iliets).??These?insects? were?found?on?the?twigs?of?the?prickly?oak.??It?was?only?the?pregnant?female?that?was?used.??Exposing?them? to?vinegar?fumes?killed?them;?they?were?then?dried?and?soaked?in?water?to?obtain?the?dye.?This?dye?was? used?in?Ancient?Egypt.? North?Africa? Dyes?? Gum?Lac? This?is?actually?not?a?gum,?instead?it?is?a?deposit?left?by?a?type?of?flying?ant?(Coccus?lacca?or?lac?insect)?found? in?Pegu?and?Siam.??This?has?become?one?of?the?most?important?sprit?based?varnish?resins.??? India? Siam? Varnishes? Linseed?Oil? Flaxseed?oil?which?is?taken?from?the?flax?plant?(Linum?usitatissimum,?Linaceae)?.??This?oil?is?classified?as?a? ?drying?oil??since?it?dries?to?a?hard?consistency.??One?problem?with?this?oil?is?that?it?has?a?natural?brown? colour?and?it?adds?this?colour?to?varnishes?and?to?paints.??As?a?result,?it?had?to?be?bleached.??One?recipe?was? to?add?two?ounces?of?litharge?to?a?gallon?of?raw?linseed?oil?and?let?it?sit?for?14?days?(shaking?it?vigorously? every?day.)? NA? Mixing?with? varnishes?and?as?a? finish?by?itself.?? Logwood? Logwood?is?a?powdered?extract?from?campeachy?wood??(Haematoxylum?campechianum)?is?made?which?is? mixed?with?warm?water?and?a?mordant?to?make?a?stain.??Depending?on?the?mordant,?Logwood?will?make? colours?ranging?from?yellow?to?olive?to?brown?to?black.??The?colour?is?extracted?by?boiling?the?dust?in?water? then?evaporating?the?solution?to?concentrate?it.?? Tropical?Indian?? Central?America? Dyes? Madder? The?Madder?plant?and?its?extract?are?water?stains.??The?source?of?madder?is?from?the?roots?of?different?types? of?Rubia?tinctorium.??It?takes?three?years?for?the?plant?to?mature?enough?for?the?roots?to?provide?this?orange? red?colour.??To?make?this?dye?from?the?plant,?one?first?breaks?the?roots?into?small?pieces?and?boil?them?in? water.??This?is?then?dried?and?turned?into?a?powder.??It?is?used?by?mixing?it?with?either?alcohol?or?water;? Alum?is?frequently?used?as?the?mordant.?? Holland? Southern?Europe? India? Dyes? Mastic?or? Mastik? Also?called?Gum?Mastic?Resin?obtained?from?the?small?mastic?tree?Pistacia?lentiscus.??When?the?bark?of?the? tree?is?injured,?the?resin?exudes?in?drops.?It?is?transparent?and?pale?yellow?to?green?in?colour.??It?also?adds? Greece?(Chios)? Mediterranean? Varnishes?and? Glues?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?4.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?403? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? elasticity?to?varnishes?and?it?is?also?used?to?add?a?lustre.??It?is?soluable?in?Turpentine?and?partially?soluable?in? Alcohol.???While?the?plant?that?produces?Mastic?is?native?throughout?the?Mediterranean?region,?from? Morocco?and?France?to?Iraq?and?Iran,?it?is?associated?with?the?Greek?island?of?Chios.??This?material?is?mixed? with?varnishes,?and?glues,?or?used?as?a?varnish?itself.? Matrass? A?glass?vessel?with?a?round?or?oval?body?and?a?long?narrow?neck,?used?in?chemistry?as?a?digester?or?distiller.? NA? Mixing?products?? Mutiatic?Acid? Mutiatic?Acid?is?a?chemical?stain?that?turns?woods?with?high?Tannin?content?greyish?brown.??Those?with?low? tannin?content?turn?grey.??This?is?the?industrial?form?of?hydrochloric?acid;?it?is?highly?corrosive?and?can?cause? serious?injury?if?improperly?used.?? NA? Dyes? Nitric?Acid? Nitric?Acid?is?a?chemical?stain?that?produces?a?yellow?colour?that?ranges?from?reddish?to?brownish.???Called? ?aquafortis??in?some?old?formulas? NA? Dyes? Nutgalls? Nutgalls?are?growth?on?plants?in?reaction?to?certain?insects.???High?in?Tannin?and?used?to?make?Gallic?acid.?? Coarsely?powdered?galls?are?boiled?for???hour?with?4?parts?diluted?Sulphuric?Acid?and?then?strained?through? a?cloth?while?hot.??Crystals?are?deposited?when?cool?then?they?are?treated?with?animal?charcoal?and? repeatedly?crystallized.??The?extracts?from?Nutgalls?are?frequently?mixed?with?other?ingredients?to?produce? different?colours.?? NA? Dyes? Nut?Oils? Oils?made?from?various?kinds?of?nuts?such?as?walnut?and?poppy?seed?oil.? NA? Varnishes?and?oil? finishes.? Oak?apple? Another?name?for?an?Oak?Gall,?which?is?found?on?the?leaves?of?oak?trees.?Different?insects?that?lay?their?eggs? on?the?base?of?a?leaf?bud?cause?these.??The?tree?forming?a?protective?structure?around?the?eggs?forms?the? gall.?? NA? Dyes? Oil?of?Lavender? (oil?of?Aspect)? An?extract?of?the?tops?of?lavender?plants.? Mediterranean? Varnishes?and?oil? finishes? ?? Oil?of?Spike? Another?type?of?distillation?from?the?Lavender?plant,?but?thought?of?as?a?lower?quality?than?the?distillation?of? the?Oil?of?Lavender.?? Mediterranean? Varnishes? Oil?of? Turpentine? A?product?usually?made?from?the?Turpentine?of?Strasburgh?or?Alsace?that?has?been?mixed?with?water?and? distilled?to?produce?an?oil.?? NA? Varnishes? Oil?of?Vitriol? Sulfuric?acid?was?known?by?a?number?of?different?names?such?as?oil?of?vitriol,?spirit?of?vitriol,?or?simply?vitriol,? among?others.? NA? Dye? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?404? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? Pearl?ash? Made?from?wood?ash,?an?impure?carbonate?of?potash?which?is?obtained?by??claiming?potashes?up?a? reverberating?hearth?.??This?was?later?replaced?in?cooking?by?potassium?bicarbonate?then?by?bicarbonate?of? soda.? NA? ? Phial? A?small?glass?bottle?used?for?ointments,?medicines,?and?perfumes.? NA? To?mix?glues,? varnishes?and? dyes?? Poppy?Seed?Oil? Also?called?the?oil?of?pinks?this?was?made?by?squeezing?the?seeds?of?a?poppy?plant??(Papaver?somniferum),?in? a?press.??It,?like?Linseed?Oil?could?be?treated?with?a?drier?and?it?would?dry?to?a?hard?surface.?? Middle?and?Far?East? via?France?and? Germany? Varnishes? Potassium? Carbonate? (Potash)? This?is?another?chemical?stain.??When?mixed?with?water?and?applied?to?the?wood,?Potash?produces?a?brown? tone?similar?to?the?one?produced?by?Ammonia.? NA? Dyes? Potassium? Dichromate? (Bichromate?of? Potash)? This?chemical?stain?is?similar?to?Potassium?Permanganate?in?effect?but?the?colour?tends?to?be?more? yellowish.?For?a?yellowish?brown?on?Oak,?mahogany,?cherry,?walnut?and?chestnut?do?the?following:??Mix?1?oz? of?Potassium?Dichromate?in?1?qt?of?hot?water?(130?degrees?Fahrenheit)?Apply?to?wood?and?let?dry.??Apply? more?if?a?darker?colour?is?desired.??After?reaching?your?goal,?wash?the?wood?with?water?then?vinegar.??The? formula?given?was?used?in?France?to?treat?Cuban?mahogany?during?the?Empire?Period.??It?produces?warm? browns?in?woods?with?high?Tannin?content.? NA? Dyes? Potassium? Dichromate?? Frequently?called?Potash,?Usually?brings?out?the?brown?or?greenish?shades?of?a?dye.?? NA? Dyes?? Potassium? Hydroxide? This?is?also?a?chemical?stain.??This?one?produces?a?darker?brown?colour?than?Ammonia?or?Potash.??As?with? Potash?it?is?mixed?with?water?before?applying?it?to?wood.??Also?like?Ammonia,?woods?with?low?Tannin?should? be?coated?with?Tannic?Acid.??It?makes?a?honey?pine?on?birch,?maple,?pine,?&?fir.?? NA? Dyes?? Potassium? Permanganate? (Permanganate? of?Potash)? ?This?chemical?stain?produces?a?wide?range?of?brown?tones?to?high?Tannin?woods?or?woods?that?have?been? washed?with?Tannic?Acid.??For?a?medium?brown?colour?dissolve???ounce?of?crystals?into?one?quart?of?water.??? The?colour?change?will?begin?as?a?purplish?shade,?and?then?it?turns?brown?as?it?dries.?? NA? Dyes?? Pyroligneous? acid? An?acid?that?is?obtained?by?the?dry?distillation?of?wood.?It?developed?out?of?the?process?of?charcoal?burning? by?which?the?burning?of?wood?in?an?airless?condition?so?that?is?reduced?to?charcoal?rather?than?carbon? NA? Dyes?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?405? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? dioxide,?water?vapour?and?ash.??The?principal?constituent?of?the?acid?is?acetic?acid.??Used?in?the?dyeing?of? cloth.??Acetic?Acid?can?also?be?obtained?from?malt?vinegar.???? Querctron?Bark? The?bark?from?a?tree?growing?in?North?America?is?used?to?produce?a?yellow?stain.18?? North?America? Dyes? Red?or?yellow? oxide?of?iron? Red?or?yellow?oxide?of?iron?is?used?as?both?a?colouring?agent?and?as?a?mordant.??There?are?two?ways?in? which?these?come:??as?sulphate?of?iron?or?copperas?which?is?dissolved?in?water?or?as?acetate?of?iron?which?is? prepared?by?dissolving?the?oxide?in?vinegar,?sour?beer?or?pyroligneous?acid.??? NA? Dyes? Rocou? Like?Saffron,?this?is?a?plant?extract?that?is?normally?used?as?an?ingredient?in?food.??Again,?it?is?used?as?both?a? flavouring?and?colouring?agent.??As?it?is?used?to?colour?varnishes?and?to?produce?yellow?dyes.? Caribbean? Central?and?South? America? Dyes? Varnishes? Rosine? Like?the?term??White?Rosine??(discussed?later)?this?is?not?clearly?defined?in?the?book?by?Parker?and?Starker19? only?that?it?be?clear?and?transparent.? ? Unknown? Varnishes? Saffron? This?yellow?dye?comes?from?the?Crocus?sativus.??One?can?mix?it?in?either?alcohol?or?water.??? Europe? Dyes?or?tints?for? varnishes? Sal?armonac? Sal?Ammoniac?is?Ammonium?Chloride,?which?is?a?water?soluble?crystalline?salt?of?ammonia.??It?is?frequently? used?to?create?rust?and?to?seal?small?cracks?in?metal.? NA? Mixed?with?dyes? as?a?mordant.? Sandarac?or? Sandrac? A?resin?obtained?from?the?small?coniferous?tree?know?as?either?Tetraclinis?articulata?or?Callitris?quadrivalvis,? a?type?of?Juniper??native?to?the?northwest?of?Africa,?and?especially?characteristic?of?the?Atlas?mountains.?It? also?grows?in?other?warm?countries?(such?as?Italy?and?Spain).??The?resin,?which?is?procured?as?a?natural? exudation?on?the?stems,?and?also?obtained?by?making?incisions?in?the?bark?of?the?trees,?comes?into? commerce?in?the?form?of?small?round?balls?or?elongated?tears,?transparent,?and?having?a?delicate?yellow? tinge.?It?is?a?little?harder?than?mastic,?for?which?it?is?sometimes?substituted?but?it?is?still?too?soft?to?be?used? by?itself?as?a?varnish.??It?is?soluble?in?alcohol.??It?produces?a?clear?varnish?but?it?is?soft?and?needs?to?be?mixed? with?gum?elemi?or?gum?amina.???Other?names?that?this?is?referred?to?as?include?Gum?Sandarac?and?Vernix.? According?to?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing20,?this?should?be?free?from?impurities?(dust?and?dirt)? Italy?? Spain?? North?West?Africa?? Varnishes?and? Glues? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18?This?was?listed?in?G.?Gregory,?Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,?in?two?Volumes,?however?no?other?reference?to?this?bark?has?been?located.?? 19?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?4.? 20?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?3.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?406? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? and?be?as?white?as?possible?(not?yellow.).??used?for?making?a?clear?varnish?or?sometimes?as?an?additional? ingredients?in?glues.?? Sandalwood? This?spirit?stain?comes?from?the?Sandalwood?tree;??while?it?dissolves?in?alcohol,?it?also?can?be?water?soluble.???? The?dye?produced?can?be?red?or?yellow.???Sandalwood?can?be?used?as?a?water?soluble?dye.?? India? Dyes? Saffron? This?us?a?yellow?red?coloured?substance?that?is?usually?used?as?a?cooking?spice,?however?it?is?also?used?in? varnishes?and?in?dyes.?? Middle?East?(Iran)? India? Mediterranean? (Europe?and?Africa)?? Dyes? Varnishes? Sap?green? A?kind?of?olive?green?colour?taken?from?the?ripe?Buckthorn?berry.?? Europe? England? America? Africa? Asia? Dyes? Sarcocolla? A?gum?resin?obtained?from?certain?small?shrubs?growing?at?the?Cape?of?Good?Hope,?in?Ethiopia,?Arabia,?etc.?? Sarcocolla?occurs?in?the?form?of?small,?roundish,?irregular?grains?(Penaea?Sarcocolla?L.?(now?P.?fulcata?L.),? and?P.?mucronata?L.?(Fam.?Penaeaceae)).? Ethiopia? Middle?East? Varnishes? Shell?Lac? Partially?processed?Shellac.??After?the?dirt?(leaves,?stems,?etc)?has?been?removed?and?it?has?been?melted?and? poured?out?on?a?marble?slab.??Also?called?Gum?Lac.??According?to?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing21,? the?best?is??large?grained,?bright,?and?clear,?freest?from?dust,?sticks?and?dross.?? India? Siam? Varnish? Sodium? Hydroxide?Lye? or?Caustic?Soda? This?is?a?Lye?(a?chemical?stain)?that?produces?a?brown?tone?similar?to?Potash?and?Potassium?Hydroxide.? NA? Dye? Spirit?of?Wine? Ethyl?alcohol.??According?to?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing22,??this?must?be??strong??and?warns?of? spirits?that?have?been?mixed?with?water?or?improperly?made.??? This?is?pretty?much? available?in?most? areas.?Different? types?and?qualities? come?from?different? Solvent?for?dyes? and?varnishes?? (England?and? France)? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 21?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?3.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?407? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? areas.? Sulphuric?Acid? When?applied?full?strength?to?pine?this?chemical?stain?produces?a?green?colour,?when?diluted?it?will?produce? a?weathered?grey?effect.??On?woods?containing?Tannin,?it?produces?a?yellow?colour?when?diluted?and?a?deep? brown?when?used?full?strength.??Called??oil?of?vitriol??(full?strength)?or??sour?water??(diluted)?in?old?formulas.?? NA? Dyes? Tannic?Acid? This?is?a?chemical?stain,?which?produces?a?light?brown?colour?on?birch,?maple,?pine,?and?fir.??It?naturally? occurs?in?large?quantities?in?some?woods?(most?notably?oak)?causing?the?wood?to?react?to?certain?chemicals? (e.g.?Ammonia?causes?oak?to?turn?dark?brown.).??In?the?case?where?the?wood?does?not?contain?much?tannin,? mix?3?teaspoons?of?Tannic?Acid?powder?with?8?ounces?of?water.??Apply?the?solution?and?let?it?dry?before? applying?other?chemicals.? NA? Dyes? Tin?Chloride? ?This?mordant?is?also?known?as?Stannous?chloride?it?brightens?colours?especially?reds,?oranges?and?yellows.? NA? Mordant?for? dyes? Gum? Tragacanth? This?gum?is?taken?from?different?types?of?Astragalus?in?the?countries?along?the?eastern?part?of?the? Mediterranean.? Eastern? Mediterranean? Varnishes? Turmeric? This?is?another?yellow?dye;?this?one?is?extracted?from?the?roots?of?two?different?but?related?plants:??the? Curcuma?longa?and?the?Curcuma?rotunda.??Tumeric?can?be?mixed?in?water?nd?alcohol,?but?alcohol?usually? produces?a?better?colour.?? East?Indies? Dyes?and?to?tint? varnishes? Turpentine? There?are?different?names?associated?with?turpentine?in?the?18th?century?literature.??Of?the?highest?quality?is? that?of?Turpentine?of?Chio?or?Cyprus?turpentine,?which?is?followed?by?Venice?Turpentine?(note?some?texts? suggest?that?these?two?were?essential?different?names?for?the?same?product),?then?came?varieties?that?were? made?in?Germany?or?Strasburge?and?the?reportedly?lower?quality?product?called?French?or?Common? Turpentine.?The?Chio?was?described?as?being?transported?from?the?Middle?East?or?the?Mediterranean?and? was?thicker?than?other?varieties.??It?was?not?used?the?most?because?of?its?costs.??Venice?Turpentine?comes? from?Northern?Italy?(from?Larch?trees).??This?was?probably?the?most?frequently?used?variety?Strasburgh?or? Alsace?comes?form??(German)?fir?trees.??This?variety?was?thought?to?have?been?the?best?for?making? Varnishes.??The?last?is?the?so?called?French?or?Common?turpentine,?is?produced?from?wild?pines?(pinus)?in? Southern?France?and?Switzerland?and?is?thought?to?be?bad?for?varnishes.?? ? This?is?pretty?much? available?in?most? areas.?Different? types?and?qualities? come?from?different? areas.??? Varnishes?? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 22?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?2.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?408? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? It?is?the?distilled?resin?of?several?different?kinds?of?trees,?but?predominately?Pine?trees.???? Tripoli? A?type?of?polishing?compound?made?from?a?powdered?stone?(limestone).??Also?known?as?Rottenstone.?Like? Pumice,?it?is?mixed?with?oil?and?rubbed?on?varnished?surfaces?to?produce?a?glossier?surface.?? NA? Polishing? compound?or? grain?filler? Verdigrise? Also?known?as?Acetate?of?copper.??This?is?a?kind?of?rust?usually?prepared?from?copper,?by?corroding?it?with? vinegar.?It?is?used?for?striking?a?black?colour,?when?combined?with?a?decoction?of?logwood? NA? Dyes? Vermilion? This?is?an?orange?red?pigment.??Chemically?this?is?mercuric?sulfide,?traditionally?it?is?found?in?cinnabar.??It?is? used?as?a?dye?and?as?a?colouring?agent?in?varnishes.?? Multiple?locations? including:??North? America,?China,? Spain,?Middle?East? Dyes,?Varnishes? ? Walnut? Crystals? Water?stain???The?dried?Walnut?Crystal?powder?is?mixed?with?warm?water?to?create?the?dye.?? Europe? Dyes? Walnut?Husks? This?water?stain?is?made?from?the?cut?or?crushed?husks?of?walnut?shells?into?small?pieces?and?soaks?the? pieces?in?water?to?create?dye?liquor.??Most?recipes?say?3?days.??Then?boil?the?husks?for?an?hour?or?two?and? remove?from?the?head?and?soak?them?overnight.? Strain?any?solids?that?are?left?in?the?mixture.?? Europe? Dyes? Walnut?Oil? Another?drying?oil?that?was?extracted?by?squeezing?the?pulpy?part?of?the?walnut.??One?advantage?to?walnut? oil?is?that?it?could?dry?fairly?rapidly?without?the?use?of?any?added?driers.??It?was?also?very?clear?which?made?it? better?than?even?Linseed?oil?for?creating?clear?varnishes.???The?problem?was?that?Walnut?oil?was?hard?to? come?by?and?therefore?probably?expensive.?? Europe? Dyes? Weld? The?leaves?and?seeds?from?the?weld?plant?(reseda?luteola)?are?used?to?produces?a?yellow?water?stain?or?dye.?? This?plant?is?harvested?in?the?Mediterranean?Sea.?? Mediterranean?? Dyes? White?oxide?of? tin? White?Oxide?of?tin?is?either?dissolved?in?nitro?muriatic?acid,?in?acetous?acid?or?in?a?mixture?of?sulphuric?and? muriatic?acid.??The?most?common?use?of?tin?is?with?mitro?muriate?of?tin,?which?is?prepared?by?dissolving?tin? in?dilute?nitric?acid,?to?which?sal?ammoniac?is?added.??When?used?it?is?dissolved?in?a?large?quantity?of?water? with?tartar.??? NA? Dyes? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?409? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 1.?Terms?Related?to?Making?Glues,?Dyes,?and?Varnishes? Ingredient? Name?? Description? Where?it?Comes? from?? Purpose? White?Rosin? Mentioned?in?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?23??this?is?probably?standard?rosin?or?colophony? however?it?is?not?specifically?identified?as?such.??Parker?and?Starker?do?specify?that?it?be??white?and?clear.?? Unknown? Varnishes? Woad? A?plant?that?is?cultivated?in?England?and?much?of?Europe,?which?is?used?for?making?a?blue?dye.??The?leaves? are?fermented,?dried?out,?re?fermented,?and?then?rinsed?in?limewater?(See?Dyer?s?Weed).?? Europe? Dyes? Yellowwood? Spirit?stain???Yellowwood?is?an?alcohol?soluble?to?make?a?yellow?dye?or?to?put?a?yellow?tent?in?varnishes.? A?tree?in?the?Caldrastic?Lutea?family?? North?America? Dyes? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 23?G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,?A?Treatise?of?Japanning?and?Varnishing,?p.?3.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?410? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 2.?Units?of?Measurements?? Measure? Definition?/Equivalence? Use?(Country)? Weights?(Dry?Ingredients)? Once? ? The?French?equivalent?to?the?English?ounce.???Approximately?30.59?grams.?? ? Drachm?or?dram? ? A?unit?of?apothecary?weight?equal?to?an?eighth?of?an?ounce?or?to?60?grains also?is?equivalent?to?60?grains,? or?3?scruples.? ?(England)? Gros? ? 1/8?th?of?an?once?or?approximately?3.824?grams.? (France)? Denier? ? 1/24?of?an?once?or?approximately?1.275?grams? (France)? grain? ? 1/60?dram;?equals?an?avoirdupois?grain?or?64.799?milligrams.? ?(England)? Grain? ? 1/576?once?or?53.11?milligrams? (France)? scruples? ? A?weight?of?twenty?grains;?the?third?part?of?a?dram;?Hence,?a?very?small?quantity;?a?particle.? ?(England)? Liquid?Measures?English? Fluid?ounce? ? 8 drams - so a "wee dram" is truly small about a teaspoon English? Pint? ? 4 gills = 20 fluid ounces English? Quart? ? 2 pints English? Gallon? ? 4 quarts = 8 pints = 4.546 litres English? Peck? ? 2 gallons English? Bushel? ? 4 pecks = 8 gallons English? Liquid?Measures?French? Roquille? ? Approximately?29.75?ml? French? Posson? ? Approximately?119?ml? French? Demiard? ? Approximately?238?ml?or???pint? French? ? Chopine? ? Approximately?476.1?ml?or?1?pint?? French? Pinte? ? Approximately?952.1?ml?or?2.01?pint? French? Quade? ? ? Approximately?1.904?liter?or???gallon? French? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?411? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 2.?Units?of?Measurements?? Measure? Definition?/Equivalence? Use?(Country)? Distance? Point? ? In?England?this?is?called?the?Truche?point,?it?is?equivalent?to?approximately?.188?mm.?? French?with?English?equivalent? Ligne? ? In?England?this?unit?of?measure?is?called?a?line.??It?is?approximately?equal?to?2.256?mm? French?with?English?equivalent? Pounce? ? This?corresponds?to?what?was?known?in?England?at?the?time?as?an?inch.??This?unite?is?equal?to?about?27.07?mm?and? about?1.066?to?the?current?English?inch.?? French?with?English?equivalent? Pied?du?roi?or? Pied? ? This?was?close?to?what?the?people?in?England?called?a?foot.??The?Pied?is?equivalent?to?32.48?cm?or?1.066?foot.?? French?with?English?equivalent? Toise?? ? This?aligns?up?to?the?traditional?English?measurement?of?the?fathom.??It?is?equal?to?approximately?1.949?meter?or? 6.394?feet.?? French?with?English?equivalent? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?412? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 2. Units?of?Measurements?? Measure? Definition?/Equivalence? Country? Financial?Measures? English?Monetary? Instruments? ? 1?pound?=?20?shillings(s)? ? 1?Crown?=?5?shillings?(s)? ? 1?shilling?(s)?=?12?pence?(d)?? ? England? French?Monetary? Instruments? ? Louis?d'or?(gold?coin)?=?24?livres? ? ?cu?(silver?coin)?=?6?livres,? ? copper?coins?of?1?and?2?sols?and?6? and?3?deniers?(the?latter?also?called? a?liard)?were?also?issued? ? Through?most?of?this?period?the?French?livre?did?not?actually?exist.?? Instead?it?was?a?unit?of?measure?based?on?a?volume?of?gold?not?a?physical? entity?(e.g.,?it?was?not?a?coin?or?paper).??It?was?briefly?used?as?paper? money?in?the?early?18th?Century,?but?soon?fell?to?disuse.???In?1776,?it?was? introduced?again,?but?the??franc??replaced?it?after?the?revolution?even? during?its?period?of?use?livre?was?not?widely?circulated.?24? ? Two?different?sources,?one?from?the?18th?century?and?one?modern? example?indicated?that?the?relationship?between?the?pound?and?the?livre? was?approximately?24?to?1?(24?livre?to?one?pound).25??This?was?loosely? based?on?the?value?of?gold.??Later?is?a?graph?showing?the?trend?in?the? exchange?rate?over?the?18th?Century?showing?that?during?most?the? exchange?rate?was?very?stable?at?about?a?22?to?1?to?a?24?to?1?ratio26.27? France? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 24?F.?Braudel,?Civilization?and?Capitalism,?15th?18th?Century:?The?structure?of?Everyday?Life,?University?of?California?Press,?Los?Angeles,?1992,?PP?465.? 25?Lady?Dysart?had?reported?that?in?the?latter?part?of?the?17th?century?that?the?Livre?had?a?much?higher?exchange?rate,?that?is?a?Parisian?Livre?being?equivalent?to?half?a? crown?(2.5?shillings)?that?is?quite?high?vs?24?to?one?ratio?mentioned?here.??However,?during?this?time,?the?exchange?rate?was?described?as?volatile?and?these?swings?in?value.?? See?J.?Yorke?French?Furniture?at?Ham?House,?Journal?of?The?Furniture?History?Society,?Vol?XXVI,?1990,?pp.?235?238.? 26?R.?Bonney?and?J.?Smith,?European?State?Finance?Database:??French?Economic?Indicators,?1308?1817?(computer?file),?Colchester,?Essex,?UK?Data?Archive?(distributor)? October?1993,?SN:?3098?from?web?site?http://www.data?archive.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=3128,?accessed?06/09.? No?Author?Given,?Political?geography.?Introduction?to?the?statistical?tables?of?the?principal?empires,?kingdoms?and?states?in?Europe,?W.?Lowndes?and?J.?Debrett,?London,? 1789,?p.?18?? 27?There?was?substantial?difficulty?in?relating?the?two?systems,?as?there?was?no?standard?system?for?doing?so.??Sir?Isaac?Newton?once?wrote?a?paper?that?illuminated?this? problem?as?the?differences?in?how?the?different?countries?assigned?values?to?gold?and?silver.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?413? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? 2?gallons?rectified?Spirits?of?Wine? ? 5?pounds?Gum?Sandarac? ? 1?pound?Gum?Mastic? ? 4?ounces?Gum?Anime? ? Put?all?ingredients?in?a?clean?can?or?bottle,?and?place?in?a?warm?place?to? dissolve?shaking?it?frequently.?Once?dissolved,?strain?it?though?a?lawn?sieve?? Rectified?spirits?of? wine? Gum?Sandarac? Gum?Mastic? Gum?Anime? ? Described?as?the?best? white?hard?varnish.?? Weber,?P.,?The?Cabinet? Maker?s?Guide.? ? 1?gallon?of?Spirits?of?Turpentine? ? 5?pounds?of?Rosin?pounded?and?put?in?a?tin?can?on?a?stove.?? ? Let?it?boil?half?an?hour?when?cool?it?is?ready?to?use? Spirit?of?Turpentine? Rosin? ? Described?as?a? turpentine?varnish? Weber,?P.,?The?Cabinet? Maker?s?Guide.? ? 32?ounces?Alcohol?? ? 6?ounces?purified?Mastic?? ? 3?ounces?Gum?Sandarac? ? 3?ounces?very?clear?Venice?turpentine? ? 4?ounces?coarsely?pounded?glass28? ? Reduce?the?Mastic?and?Sandarac?to?a?fine?power?then?mix?the?two?with? white?glass?and?strain?through?a?hair?sieve.??? ? Put?them?all?with?the?Alcohol?in?a?matrass?and?mix.??Put?the?matrass?in?a? pot?filled?with?water?and?boil?for?1?to?2?hours.?? Alcohol? Mastic? Gum?Sandarac? Venice?Turpentine? Pounded?glass? ? ? Tingry,?P.,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 28?The?use?of?pounded?or?powdered?glass?raised?several?questions,?however?several?recipes?have?mentioned?it?and?in?researching?other?uses?of??powdered?glass??has?been? identified?in?Leslie?Carlyle?s?work?on?paint?driers?(See?L.?Carlyle,?Paint?Driers?Discussed?in?19th?Century?British?Oil?Painting?Manuals,?Journal?of?the?American?Institute?for? Conservation,?Vol?38,?No?1.,?1999,?pp.?76???77).??It?was?possibly?used?as?a?drier?in?these?varnish?formulas.?To?quote?the?article:? ? ?The?author?of?a?17th?century?oil?painting?manual?noted?that?"the?whitest?glass"?ground?to?an?impalpable?powder?would?"dry?all?Colours?without?drying?Oyle,?and? not?in?the?least?Tinge?the?purest?Colours,?as?White,?Ultramarine,?&c.?and?is?much?us'd?in?Italy"? ? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?414? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? Pound?3?ounces?of?Amber?coloured?Copal? ? 6?ounces?of?Gum?Sandarac? ? 3?ounces?cleaned?Mastic? ? 2???ounces?Turpentine? ? 4?ounces?Pounded?glass? ? 32?ounces?Alcohol? ? Reduce?the?Mastic?and?Sandarac?to?a?fine?power?then?mix?the?two?with? white?glass?and?strain?through?a?hair?sieve.??? ? Put?them?all?with?the?Alcohol?in?a?matrass?and?mix.??Put?the?matrass?in?a? pot?filled?with?water?and?boil?for?1?to?2?hours? Copal? Gum?Sandarac? Mastic? Turpentine?? Pounded?Glass? Alcohol? ? Described?as?a?durable? version?of?varnish.?? ? Can?add?more?copal,?but? at?the?same?time?3?gros? of?camphor?must?be? added.?? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide? ? 8?ounces?Gum?Sandarac? ? 2?ounces?pounded?Mastic? ? 4?ounces?clear?Turpentine? ? 4?ounces?pounded?glass? ? 32?ounces?Alcohol? ? Use?the?same?instructions?for?mixing?as?the?prior?versions? Gum?Sandarac? Mastic? Turpentine? Pounded?Glass? Alcohol? ? Taken?from?J.?Watin?s? work?(J.?Watin?s,?A? Practical?Treatise?on? Painting,?1795).? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ? 6?ounces?Gum?Sandarac?? ? 4?ounces?Gum?Elemi? ? 1?ounce?Gum?Anima? ? Camphor???ounce? ? 4?ounces?pounded?glass? ? 32?ounces?pure?Alcohol?? ? Use?the?same?instructions?for?mixing?as?the?prior?versions? Gum?Sandarac? Gum?Elemi? Gum?Anima? Camphor? Pounded?Glass? Alcohol? ? Taken?from?J.?Watin?s? work?(J.?Watin?s,?A? Practical?Treatise?on? Painting,?1795).? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ? 6?ounces?Gum?Sandarac? ? 4?ounces?Gum?Elemi?? Gum?Sandarac? Gum?Elemi? ? Taken?from?J.?Watin?s? work?(J.?Watin?s,?A? P.?Tingry.,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Carlyle?was?quoting?from?M.?Smith,?The?Art?of?Painting.?Printed?by?M.B.?for?the?author,?London,?1693.??It?has?also?been?suggested?that?powdered?glass?could?also?act?as?a? filling?agent.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?415? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? 1?ounce?Gum?Anima? ? ??ounces?Camphor? ? 4?ounces?Pounded?glass? ? 32?ounces?pure?Alcohol.?? ? Use?the?same?instructions?for?mixing?as?the?prior?versions? Gum?Anima? Camphor? Pounded?Glass? Alcohol? Practical?Treatise?on? Painting,?1795).? ? 6?ounces?Gallipot?or?White?Incense?or?Barras29?(White?incense?is? preferred.)? ? 2?ounces?each?of?Gum?Anima?and?Gum?Elemi? ? 4?ounces?Pounded?glass? ? 32?ounces?Alcohol? Gallipot/White? Incense/Barras? Gum?Anima?? Gum?Elemi? Pounded?Glass? Alcohol? ? Described?as?better?for? ceilings?and? wainstscotin.?? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ? 6?ounces?Gum?Sandarac? ? 2?ounces?Shell?Lac?? ? 4?ounces?each?of?Colophonium?or?Resin?and?White?glass?pounded?? ? ?Turpentine? ? 32?ounces?Alcohol.?? Gum?Sandarac? Shell?lac? Colophonium?or?resin? and?white?glass? Turpentine? Alcohol? ? Taken?from?J.?Watin?s,?A? Practical?Treatise?on? Painting,?1795,?except? that?J.?Watin?prescribes? 8?ounces?of?Sandarac? and?6?of?Turpentine.?? Tingry?states?this?is??too? strong?.?? ? This?is?suitable?for?items? that?are?used?daily.?? ? J.?Watin?did?not?mention? pounded?glass.? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.?? ? J.?Watin,?L?art?du? peintre,?doreur,? vernisseur?3rd?Ed.? ? 4?ounces?Gum?Sandarac? ? 2?ounces?Seed?Lac? ? 1?ounce?each?Mastic?and?Benjamin?in?tears,?4?ounces?pounded?glass? Gum?Sandarac? Seed?lac? Mastic?? ? Very?durable.? ? This?formula?may?be? coloured?with?a?little? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 29?It?is?unclear?what?Barras?is?defined?as.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?416? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? 2?ounces?Venice?Turpentine?? ? 32?ounces?Alcohol? Benjamin? Venice?turpentine? Alcohol? saffron?or?dragon?s? blood.?? ? 5?ounces?Seed?Lac? ? 2?ounces?Gum?Sandarac? ? 1???ounces?Gum?Elemi? ? 2?ounces?Venice?Turpentine?? ? 5?ounces?Pounded?glass?? ? 24?ounces?Pure?Alcohol? ? ? Seed?Lac? Sandarac? Gum?elemi? Venice?turpentine? Pounded?glass? Alcohol? ? This?formula?is?employed? for?boxes?made?of? boxwood.?? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ? ??ounce?of?Gum?Guttae? ? 2?ounces?each?of?Gum?Sandarac?and?Gum?Elemi? ? 1?ounces?Dragon?s?blood? ? 1?ounce?of?Seed?Lac? ? Terra?Merita?????of?an?ounces?? ? 12?grains?of?Oriental?Saffron? ? 3?ounces?Pounded?glass? ? 20?ounces?pure?Alcohol? Gum?Guttae? Gum?Sandarac? Gum?Elemi? Dragon?s?blood? Seed?lac? Terra?Merita? Saffron? Pounded?glass? Alcohol? ? This?will?add?a?tint?to? decorative?aspects?of? furniture.?? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ? 3?ounces?Copal? ? 20?ounces?Essence?of?Turpentine? ? Heat?the?Turpentine?in?a?glass?container,?once?warm?add?the?pulverized? copal?in?small?doses,?continue?to?mix?the?ingredients.?? Copal? Essence?of? Turpentine? Pulverized?Copal? ? P.?Tingry,?A?Painters? and?Varnisher's?Guide.? ? 8?ounces?of?Amber?or?Karabe? ? 2?ounces?of?Gum?Lac? Karabe?or?Amber? Gum?Lac? ? It?is?not?clear?what? Karabe?is?however?it?is? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 30?The?linseed?oil?with?hepatica?aloe?is?made?by?mixing?4?ounces?of?powdered?aloe?in?1?pound?of?linseed?oil?and?put?over?a?fire?till?it?becomes?a?thick?syrup.??Once?mixed,? and?to?the?right?consistency,?strain?the?solution?through?a?cloth.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?417? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? Melt?the?Amber/Karabe?in?an?earthen?pot,?then?add?the?gum?lac?and?let? this?melt.?? ? Once?cool?mix?it?with?8?ounces?of?turpentine?oil,?stirring?until?well? incorporated?? ? Add?a?spoonful?of?Linseed?Oil?(prepared?with?hepatica???aloe?(aloe))30?add? a?sufficient?quantity?of?Oil?of?Turpentine?tinged?with?Rocou?(a?yellow? colouring)? Turpentine?oil? LInseed?oil? Rocou? indicated?that?this?is?a? form?of?amber.??? Trades? ? Mix?Turpentine?with?water?and?white?Wine?or?Brandy.??Once?concocted,? dissolve?it?in?Wine?and?Oil?of?Turpentine? Turpentine? White?wine?or? brandy? Oil?of?Turpentine? ? Described?as?a?varnish? for?icing? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? Take?a?quantity?of?Verdigrease?ground?and?in?Vinegar.??Put?this?in?a?piece? of?dough?and?bake?this?in?an?oven?as?you?would?an?apple?dumpling.??Cut? open?the?dumpling?and?get?the?Verdigrease?out.??Mix?this?with?Wine?apply? this?to?the?wood?then?lay?over?this?four?ounces?of?Gum?Arabic.? Verdigrease? Vinegar? Wine? Gum?Arabic? ? This?is?described?as?an? excellent?varnish.?? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? 3?ounces?of?Gum?Lac? ? ??ounce?Sandarac,?? ? ??ounce?Mastic?? ? 1?pint?of?French?Spirit?of?Wine? ? Place?in?a?matrass?with?a?paper?stopper,?and?place?that?in?a?large?sand? filled?iron?kettle.??Place?the?kettle?over?coals?and?get?the?composition?to? boil.?For?3?ours.??? ? Strain?it?through?a?cloth,?bottle?and?stop?it?well.??? ? To?turn?red?put?one?ounce?of?vermilion?mixed?with?oil?of?aspic?and?six? ounces?of?varnish?and?mix?(this?will?take?a???of?an?hour.)? ? Varnish?the?wood?with?clear?varnish?first?then?coat?it?with?this,?red? coloured?varnish.)? Gum?Lac? Sandarac? Mastic? French?Spirit?of?wine? Vermillion? Oil?of?Aspic? ? A?red?varnish? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? 4?ounces?of?Gum?Lac? Gum?Lac? ? A?black?varnish? No?Author?Given,? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?418? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? 1?ounce?each?of?Sandarac?and?black?Rosin? ? Pulverize?all?separately,?mixing?first?the?Rosin?over?a?fire?in?a?sufficient? quantity?of?Spirit?of?Wine,?the?add?Sandarac.??When?this?is?melted?together? add?the?Gum?Lac?and?stir?well?again.??Strain?it?while?warm?? ? Add?two?drachms?of?ivory?black?to?every?two?ounces.?? Sandarac? Black?Rosin? Ivory?black? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? Ethereal?Oil?of?Turpentine?and?Venice?Turpentine?(equal?parts)?Mix?them? over?a?moderate?fir?and?use?this?while?boiling.?? Ethereal?oil?of? turpentine? Venice?turpentine? ? Described?as?a??varnish? from?Flanders?? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? Take?2?ounces?pulverized?and?sifted?sealing?wax?? ? Put?in?matrass?along?with?4?ounces?of?Turpentine?Oil,?put?over?a?gentle?fire? so?that?it?may?melt.??Us?this?to?make?the?first?coat? ? Add?2?ounces?each?of?Karabe?and?Aloe?and?dissolve?this?in?a?pipkin?along? with?12?ounces?of?Linseed?Oil.?Let?the?solid?matter?fall?to?the?bottom?and? use?the?top?to?make?the?second?coat.? Sealing?wax? Turpentine?oil? Karabe? Aloe? Linseed?oil? ? If?you?want?red?or?black? colour?add?when?melting? the?turpentine?oil?and? sealing?wax.?? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? Melt?4?ounces?of?yellow?Amber?in?an?earthen?pan?stirring?constantly?with?a? deal?stick.??? ? Add?1?ounce?of?Sealing?Wax,?when?melted?add???ounce?Linseed?Oil?which? had?been?thickened?with?gold?Litharge.??When?mixed?take?it?off?the?fire? and?stir,?when?cool,?add?the?quantity?of?Turpentine?oil?to?desired? consistency.?? Yellow?Amber? Sealing?Wax? Linseed?oil? Turpentine?oil? ? Described?as?a?fast? drying?varnish? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? Take?white?Mastic?and?Linseed?Oil?(what??quantity?you?please?)?a?little? Turpentine,?pounded?glass,?burnt?Verdigrease?and?pounded?Amber.??? ? Boil?and?melt?all?together?in?a?new?earthen?pot.?? White?mastic? Linseed?oil? Turpentine? Verdigrease?? Amber? ? Described?as?an?? ?admirable?varnish?.?? ? Although?the?wording?is? for?pounded?glass,?it?is? unclear?if?this?is?correct? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? 1?ounce?of?White?Amber,???ounce?of?Spirit?of?Turpentine,?4?ounces?of? rectified?Spirit?of?Wine.? White?Amber? Spirit?of?Turpentine? ? Described?as?a?varnish?? ?fit?to?lay?on?all?sorts?of? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?419? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? ? 1?dachm?of?Mastic?and?1?of?Juniper?gum.??? ? Put?all?together?to?infuse?for?8?days.?? ? Evaporate?2?parts?of?it?over?a?gentle?fire.?What?remains?is?a?varnish?that?is? appropriate?for?all?colours.?? Spirit?of?wine? Juniper?gum? Mastic? colours.?? Trades? ? Take?4?ounces?Spirit?of?Wine,???ounce?of?Gum?Lac,?2?dachms?Sandarac,?1? dachms?Mastic.? ? Pulverize?each?of?the?ingredients?and?put?them?in?the?Spirit?of?Wine?in?a? bottle?large?enough?to?hold?twice?the?volume.??? ? Heat?over?a?slow?fire?making?sure?the?top?is?stopped? Spirit?of?wine? Gum?Lac? Sandrac? Mastic? ? No?Author?Given,? Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and? Trades? ? Take?4?ounces?of?Amber?and?put?in?to?a?crucible?and?melt?it?on?a?low?heat? then?pour?it?on?an?iron?plate.??When?cold?reduce?it?to?a?power?and?add?it?to? 2?ounces?of?drying?oil?and?1?pint?of?Turpentine.?? Amber? Drying?oil? Turpentine? ? Called?an??Amber? varnish?.?? R.?Dossie,?The? Handmaid?to?the?Arts,?J.? Nourse,?London,?1758.? ? Take?8?ounces?of?Chio?Turpentine?and?pour?it,?melted,?over?a?pound?of?fine? powdered?Amber?and?stirring?it.??Set?it?on?a?fire?for?half?an?hour.??Take?it? off,?stir?well?and?add?2?ounces?of?white?Colophony? ? Again,?put?it?on?a?brisk?fire?and?stir?until?it?is?well?mixed,?add?a?quart?of?hot? Turpentine?and?mix?well,?let?it?cook?and?strain?it?off.??? Chio?Turpentine? Amber? White?Colophony? ? R.?Dossie,?The? Handmaid?to?the?Arts.? ? Start?with?a?glazed?earthen?pot?that?is?large?enough?to?hold?about?1?gallon? of?liquid.?? ? Take?4?ounces?of?Chio?or?Cyprus?Turpentine?and?dissolve?8?ounces?of? powdered?Amber?and?mix?them?together?over?the?fire?for???of?an?hour.?? ? Take?it?off?the?heat?and?add?into?it?and?add?1?pound?of?Copal?that?has?been? finely?bruised?(but?NOT?powdered).??Stir?this?and?add?Chio?Turpentine?and? a?gill?of?warm?Turpentine?Oil.??? ? Set?on?a??brisk??fire?for?about?an?hour.??Take?it?off?and?stir?the?mixture?and? add?2?ounces?of?the?whitest?Colophony.??Place?it?on?t?heat?and?stir?until?it?is? thoroughly?mixed.?? ? Remove?it?from?the?fire?and?add?24?ounces?of?either?Poppy,?Nut?or?Linseed? Chio?or?Cyprus? Turpentine? Amber? Copal? Turpentine?oil? Colophony? Either?Poppy,?Nut?or? Linseed?oil? ? ? ? This?is?what?is?called?in? France?Vernis?martin.?? ? Note?if?it?is?too?thick?thin? it?with?the?addition?of?oil? of?turpentine.?? R.?Dossie,?The? Handmaid?to?the?Arts.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?420? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? Oil?made?drying?and?boiling?hot?and?stir?it?with?a?deal?stick.??When? thoroughly?mixed?bring?it?back?to?a?boil.??? ? Take?it?off?and?add?1?quart?of?hot?turpentine,?stir?it?and?boil?it.??Repeat?this? last?step.?? ? Let?it?cool,?strain?it?though?a?close?cloth?two?times.?.??? ? Take?8?ounces?of?Gum?Sandarac,???ounce?of?Gum?Mastic,???of?an?ounce?of? Sarcocolla,?1???ounce?of?Venice?Turpentine,???ounce?of?Benzoin,???ounce? white?Rosin,???of?an?ounce?of?Gum?Animae?and???ounce?of?Gum?Elemi.? ? Put?the?Sarcocolla?and?rosin?in?to?a?container?and?cover?with?spirits?(add?as? much?of?the?spirits?as?needed?in?order?to?dissolve?the?gum?and?rosin? completely).??Once?dissolved,?add?the?Benzoin,?Gum?Animae?and?Venice? Turpentine?into?either?a?glass?or?glazed?earthen?vessel.???Add?enough? spirits?as?to?cover?them?by?an?inch.??? ? In?a?separate?container?put?the?gum?mastic?and?pour?strong?spirits?on?it? covering?it?by?about?an?inch.??In?still?another?container?do?the?same?with? the?gum?elemi.??Note?the?Gum?Animae,?Sarcocolla?and?Benzoin?all?needed? to?have?been?powdered,?the?Rosin?needed?to?have?been?broken?up?a?little.??? ? Let?this?stand?3?to?4?days,?shaking?periodically.??Put?them?all?in?the?same? container,?then?mix,?and?strain?through?a?linen?cloth.? Gum?Sandarac? Gum?mastic? Sarcocolla? Venice?Turpentine? Benzoin? White?Rosin? Gum?Animae? Gum?Elemi? ? This?is?called?White?or? Venetian?varnish.? J.?Barrow,?New?and? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences? ? 4?dachms?of?White?Varnish?and?melt?it?over?a?fire?in?a?clan?glazed? container.??Add?to?this,?2?ounces?of?White?Amber?that?has?been?finely? powdered.??Gradually?add?this?in?gently?stirring?with?a?pine?stick.??Add?Oil? of?Turpentine?if?you?find?it?growing?stiff.?? ? Put?the?varnish?in?a?coarse?linen?bag?and?press?it?between?two?hot?oak? boards?or?pieces?of?iron? White?Varnish?(see? previous?recipe)?? Amber? Oil?of?Turpentine? ? Barrow?refers?to?this?as? Amber?Varnish.? J.?Barrow,?New?and? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences? ? Start?with?1?ounce?of?Colophony?and?set?it?over?a?fire?in?a?well?glazed? earthen?vessel?until?it?is?melted.?Gradually?add?to?this,?stirring?constantly,?2? ounces?of?Amber?powder.??If?it?starts?to?harden,?add?Turpentine?oil?to? Colophony? Amber? Turpentine?Oil? ? This?formula?is?called?a? ?hard?varnish?.? J.?Barrow,?New?and? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?421? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? soften?it.??Next?add?2?ounces?of?Gum?Copal,?which?has?been?finely? powdered.??Again,?add?this?last?ingredient?gradually.??Once?mixed?in,?strain? it?as?described?for?the?amber?varnish.?? Gum?Copal? ? Using?a?well?glazed?earthen?pot?with?a?tight?fitting?cover.?Warm?the?pot? and?pour?into?it?4?ounces?of?Chio?or?Cypress?Turpentine,?once?fluid,?add?8? ounces?of?finely?powdered?Amber?and?stir?it?into?the?Turpentine.???Take? the?pot?off?of?the?heat?and?add?1?pound?of?bruised,?but?not?powdered? Copal.??Stir?this?into?the?mixture?and?add?4?ounces?of?additional?Chio? Turpentine?and?a?gill?of?warm?Turpentine?Oil.??Set?it?on?a?brisk?fire?for???an? hour.??Once?it?become?fluid?like?water,?remove?it?from?the?heat?and?let?it? cool.??Next,?add?24?ounces?of?either?Poppy,?Nut?or?Linseed?oil?that?has? been??made?drying??and?mix?them?with?a?deal?stick;?placing?it?back?on?the? fire?and?keep?stirring?until?it?is?well?mixed.??Add?in?a?pint?more?Turpentine? if?needed.?? Chio?or?cypress? Turpentine? Amber? Copal? Poppy,?Nut?or? Linseed?Oil?(?made? dry?)? ? It?is?obvious?from?the? reading?that?the?author? had?a?strong?preference? for?this?varnish?referring? it?as?clear,?hard,?smooth? and?even.? No?Author?Given,? Genuine?Receipt?for? making?the?famous? VERNIS?MARTIN;?or?as?it? is?called?by?the?English,? MARTIN'S?COPAL? VARNISH,?No?Publisher? Given,?Paris,?1773.? ? ? Melt?8?ounces?of?Chio?Turpentine?and?when?fluid?pour?in?a?pound?of?fine? Amber???stirring?it?constantly.??When?mixed?set?it?on?the?fire?for???hours,? stir?it?well.??Take?it?off?and?add?2?ounces?of?white?Colophony?and?place?it? on?a?brisk?fire.??When?melted?and?mixed?well,?take?it?off?and?let?it?cool.?? Once?cool,?pour?into?it?a?pound?of?Linseed?or?Poppy?Oil?made?dry?and?boil? the?mixture?and?stir?until?it?is?well?incorporated.?? Chio?turpentine? Amber? White?Colophony? Linseed?or?Poppy?Oil? (made??dry?)? ? ? No?Author?Given,? Genuine?Receipt?for? making?the?famous? VERNIS?MARTIN;?or?as?it? is?called?by?the?English,? MARTIN'S?COPAL? VARNISH.? ? ? Dissolve?2?ounces?of?Gum?Sandarac?in?1?quart?of?rectified?Spirits?of?Wine? then?add?4?ounces?of?Venice?Turpentine.? Gum?Sandarac? Rectified?spirits?of? wine? Venice?turpentine? ? For?small?boxes? T.?Sheraton,?The? Cabinet?Dictionary,?W.? Smith,?King?Street,? Seven?Dials,?London,? UK,?1803.? ? ? 1?quart?of?Spirits?of?Wine,?8?ounces?of?Gum?Sandarac,?2?ounces?of?Seed? Spirits?of?Wine? ? For?larger?works? T.?Sheraton,?The? Cabinet?Dictionary.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?422? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? Lac,?4?ounces?of?Rosin.? ? Add?6?ounces?of?Venice?Turpentine.?? ? Shake?the?mixture?vigorously?until?the?materials?are?well?mixed.??Then? strain?the?resulting?liquid.?? Gum?Sandarac? Seed?Lac? Rosin? Venice?Turpentine? ? If?you?want?the?end? effect?to?be?redder,?like? mahogany,?then?add? more?seed?lac.???For? more?colour?you?can?add? dragon?s?blood?and? alkanet?root?? ? 16?ounces?of?Gum?Copal?and?dissolve?this?over?a?slow?fire.???? ? Add?8?ounces?of?Bleached?Linseed?Oil?and?stir?this?with?a?wooden?spatula.??? ? Taking?this?off?the?fire,?letting?it?cool?and?add?to?it?16?ounces?of?Spirits?of? Turpentine?(add?more?if?it?remains?too?thick.)? Gum?Copal? Bleached?Linseed?Oil? Spirits?of?Turpentine? ? Described?as?a?Copal? Varnish.?? T.?Sheraton,?The? Cabinet?Dictionary.? ? 12?ounces?of?Gum?Mastic?that?is?in?the?form?of??tears??and?add?to?1?quart? of?Spirits?of?Turpentine.??Continuously?heat?them?until?the?Mastic?is? incorporated?into?the?Turpentine.???? Gum?Mastic? Spirits?of?Turpentine? ? Described?as?a?Mastic? Varnish.?? ? You?can?add?to?this?Copal? Varnish?in?order?to?use? this?on?pictures.? T.?Sheraton,?The? Cabinet?Dictionary.? ? 1?pound?of?common?turpentine,?1?pound?of?black?rosin,?a??small?quantity? ?of?drying?oil.??Dissolve?them?in?a?gentle?fire.??Once?mixed,?let?it?cool,?then? add?a?few??drops??of?Spirits?of?Turpentine.??If?it?does?not?mix,?you?can?place? the?container?in?boiling?water?and?heat?until?it?mixes?completely? Common?Turpentine? Black?Rosin? Drying?Oil? Spirits?of?Turpentine? ? Described?as?a? Turpentine?Varnish.?? T.?Sheraton,?The? Cabinet?Dictionary.? ? 8?ounces?of?Gum?Sandarach,???ounce?of?Gum?Mastic,???ounce?Sarcocollia,? 1?1/2?ounce?Venice?Turpentine,???ounce?Benzoin,???ounce?Gum?Animae? ? Put?the?Sarcocolia?and?Rosin?into??little?more?spirits?than?will?cover?them? by?an?inch?.?Put?the?Gum?Mastic?in?a?glass?container?and?pour?strong?spirits? to?cover?it?by?an?inch.??Put?the?Gum?Animae?in?another?vessel?ad?cover?it? wit?spirits.?Let?all?stand?for?3?or?4?days.?? ? After?they?have?dissolved,?mix?them?together?in?a?glazed?vessel?stir?them,? strain?the?liquor?through?a?linen?cloth.??Stir?the?mixture,?let?it?stand?for?a? Gum?Sandarach? Gum?Mastic? Sarcocollia? Venice?Turpentine? Benzoin? Gum?Animae? ? (No?Author?Given),?The? Golden?Cabinet:??Being? the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?423? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? week?and?pour?off?the?clear?part,?as?you?need?it.?? ? 1?ounce?of?Colophony?set?over?a?fire?in?a?glazed?earthen?vessel?until? melted.??Add?to?this?2?ounces?of?powder?of?Amber?stirring?it?until?it?starts? to?thicken?then?add?a?little?Turpentine?Oil.??Add?2?ounces?of?Gum?Copal? finely?powdered?and?added?slowly.?Strain?it?before?use.?? Colophony? Powdered?Amber? Turpentine?Oil? Gum?Copal? ? (No??Author?Given),?The? Golden?Cabinet:??Being? the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? Melt?4?drachms?of?White?Rosin?over?a?fire?in?a?glazed?pipkin.??Add?to?it?2? ounces?of?finely?powdered?White?Amber?which?is?added?gradually?stirring? constantly?with?a?wooden?stick.?? ? Add?to?this?a??little??Oil?of?Turpentine.??? ? Pour?the?finished?mixture?into?a?linen?bag?and?squeeze?it?between?two?hot? oak?boards?or?iron?plates.?? White?Rosin? White?Amber? Oil?of?Turpentine? ? Called?a?White?Amber? Varnish?and?is?described? as?being?good?for? paintings?but?not?for? covering?gold.?? (No??Author?Given),?The? Golden?Cabinet:??Being? the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? 1?pound?of?Copal?combined?with?4,6?or?8?ounces?of?cooked?Linseed?Oil?and? thinned?with?1?pound?of?Venice?Turpentine? Copal? Linseed?Oil? Venice?Turpentine? ? To?make?this?dry?faster,? reduce?the?Linseed?Oil? and?increase?the?Venice? Turpentine? Lost?Reference? ? 1?pound?of?pulverized?Amber?melted?in?an?earthen?vessel?over?a?charcoal? fire.??When?runny,?pour?this?out?onto?an?iron?plat?then?re?pulverize?it?and? dissolve?it?in?Linseed?Oil?as?stated?above.??Litharge?may?be?added?as?a?drier? and?Turpentine?may?be?added?as?a?thinner.??? Amber? Linseed?Oil? (Possibly?Litharge31? and?or?Turpentine)? ? Lost?Reference? ? Apply?Seed?Lack?Varnish?to?Olive?wood?that?has?been?kept?in?a?warm?room? ten?or?twelve?times.??Let?it?dry?between?every?wash.??Rush?the?final?surface? then?rub?it?down?with?powdered?Tripoli?and?a?cloth?dipped?in?water.??Wipe? this?off?with?water?then?rub?the?surface?with?lampblack?and?oil?all?over?? Seed?lack?varnish? Tripoli? Lampblack? ? ? Parker?and?Stalker?do?not? go?into?the?formula?for? what?it?calls??Seed?lack? varnish??it?is?assumed? that?it?is?nothing?more? than?Seed?Lack?mixed? G.?Parker?and?J.?Stalker,? A?Treatise?of?Japanning? and?Varnishing.? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 31 The?author?does?not?define?what?they?mean?by?Litharge.??It?could?be?a?number?of?things?such?as?a?lead?oxide?such?as?white?lead?or?red?lead,?or?it?could?be?litharge?of? bismuth,?which?is?an?oxidized?form?of?bismuth. ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?424? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? with?Spirit?of?Turpentine.?? ? 4?ounces?of?Amber?in?a?container?and?melted?over?low?heat.??Pour?it?on?an? iron?plate.??When?cool,?break?it?up?and?convert?it?into?a?powder.??? ? Add?2?ounces?of?drying?oil?(Linseed?oil?with?Litharge)?and?1?pint?of?Oil?of? Turpentine.? Amber? Linseed?Oil?(with? Litharge)? Turpentine? ? Author?suggests?that? other?oils?can?be?used? but?they?may?impart?a? colour?to?the?varnish.?? Different?amounts?of? turpentine?may?be? added?if?it?is?not?thin? enough.?For?example:? Rapeseed?oil?and?oil?of? almonds?produce?a? yellowish?colour,?Linseed? oil???a?golden?colour,?Oil? of?Poppy?seeds???a? reddish?yellow?colour,? Olive?Oil???red?and?Oil?of? Bays???purple.?? E.?Chambers,? Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences.? ? Another?Amber?varnish?is?made?by?boiling?Colophony?or?turpentine?until?it? becomes?black?and?friable.??Sprinkle?slowly?into?this?hot?liquid?powdered? Amber?and?a?little?Spirit?of?Oil?of?Turpentine.??Mix?this?until?the?Amber?is? melted?and?add?the?same?quantity?of?Sarcocolla,?continuing?to?mix?and? adding?more?Spirit?of?Turpentine?until?it?becomes?fluid.??? ? Strain?this?though?a?course?hair?bag?pressing?it?gently?between?hot?boards.?? Colophony?or? Turpentine? Amber? Spirit?of?Turpentine? Sarcocolla? ? This?varnish?can?be? mixed?with?ivory?black? and?applied?to?dried? paper?paste?to?make? papier?mache.?? E.?Chambers,? Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences.? ? In?a?well?glazed?earthen?vessel?(at?least?1?gallon?in?size)?add?4?ounces?of? Chio?or?Cyprus?Turpentine.??When?this?is?dissolved,?add?to?8?ounces?of? finely?powdered?Amber?and?set?it?on?a?fire?for???of?an?hour.? ? Take?off?the?heat?and?add?to?it?1?pound?of?bruised?Copal,?stir?in?and?add?4? more?ounces?of?Chio?turpentine?and?a?gill?of?warm?Turpentine?Oil.??Set?this? Chio?or?Cyprus? Turpentine? Amber? Copal? Turpentine?Oil? ? This?has?multiple?uses? for?coaches,?cabinets? etc.?? ? Up?to?12?coats?may? need?to?be?added?and? E.?Chambers,? Cyclopaedia?or?a? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?425? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? on?a?fire?for???of?an?hour.?? ? Add?2?ounces?of?the?whitest?Colophony?and?put?on?a?brisk?fire.??When? liquid?take?off?the?heat?and?let?it?cool?for?a?short?period?of?time.? ? Add?24?ounces?of?drying?oil?(either?Linseed,?Poppy?seed?or?Nut?Oil)?stir? again.??When?thoroughly?mixed,?place?back?on?the?heat?and?boil?it?up?once.??? ? Take?it?off?the?heat?and?add?to?it?warmed?Turpentine,?while?stirring,?until?it? becomes?the?consistency?of?Linseed?Oil.?? ? Strain?this?through?a?cloth?and?into?another?vessel,?add?more?turpentine?if? it?is?too?thick,?strain?it?again?and?let?it?sit?for?a?month?before?using?it.?? Colophony? Drying?Oil? Turpentine? the?object?or?varnish? should?be?kept?warm? throughout?the?process? ? 4?to?6?ounces?of?a?drying?oil?to?about?16?ounces?of?melted?copal,?which?is? added?gradually?while?constantly?stirring.??When?well?mixed?you?should? take?it?off?the?fire?and?when?cool?pour?in?16?ounces?of?essence?of?Venice? Turpentine.?? ? Press?this?through?a?linen?cloth? Drying?oil? Copal?? Venice?Turpentine.? ? G.?Gregory,?Dictionary? of?Arts?and?Sciences,?In? two?Volumes,?Richard? Phillips,?London,?1806.? ? 4???6?ounces?of?drying?oil?is?mixed?with?16?ounces?of?melted?copal?which?is? added?little?by?little?to?the?former?(both?need?to?be?heated).??? ? When?well?mixed?take?off?the?fire?and?let?cool?then?pour?in?16?ounces?of? the?essence?of?Venice?Turpentine.??Press?this?through?a?linen?cloth.?? Drying?oil? Copal? Venice?Turpentine? ? G.?Gregory,?Dictionary? of?Arts?and?Sciences,?In? two?Volumes,?Richard? Phillips,?London,?1806.? ? Add???of?a?pound?of?amber?and?keep?it?over?a?gentle?fire,?covered?in?an? iron?pot?until?it?has?melted?into?a?mass.??Let?this?cool?before?added?1? pound?of??painters?varnish?mix??and?boil?it?up?while?constantly?stirring.??? ? When?mixed?and?cooled?add?it?to?a?pound?of?oil?of?turpentine?and? gradually?mix?it?in.?? Amber? ?Painter?s?varnish? mix?? ? Nicholson?does?not? describe?what??Painter?s? varnish?mix??is.??? W.?Nicholson,?The? British?Encyclopedia?or? Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? Mix?Mastic?with?oil?of?turpentine?by?exposing?it?to?a?gentle?heat?while?in?a? closed?glass?vessel.?? Mastic? Oil?of?turpentine? ? No?volumes?were? provided.?? W.?Nicholson,?The? British?Encyclopedia?or? Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? Dissolve?Copal?in??genuine??Chio?Turpentine?by?adding?it?in?a?powdered? Copal? ? One?can?add?Gum?Elemi,? W.?Nicholson,?The? British?Encyclopedia?or? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?426? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? form?gradually.??Oil?of?turpentine?may?be?added?to?help.??Another?variation? is?to?add?powdered?copal?to?12?parts?oil?of?turpentine?and?allow?it?to?be? digested?in?the?mixture?for?several?days.?? Chio?Turpentine? turpentine?or?Balsam?of? Capaiva?to?reduce?the? brittleness.?? Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? 8?ounces?of?Gum?Sandarac,?2?ounces?of?Venice?Turpentine?in?32?ounces?of? alcohol?placed?on?a?gentle?heat.?To?this?Copal?can?be?added?by?triturating? an?ounce?of?powder?of?gum?Copal?which?has?been?dried?with?a?drachm?of? Camphor?? Sandarac? Venice?Turpentine? Alcohol? Copal? Camphor? ? W.?Nicholson,?The? British?Encyclopedia?or? Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? ??ounce?Litharge? ? ??ounce?Red?Lead? ? ??ounce?Umber? ? ??ounce?Talic? ? 2?ounce?of?Dryers? ? 1?lb?of?Linseed?Oil? Litharge? Red?Lead? Umber? Talic? Linseed?Oil? ? Called??huille?grasse??? J.?Watin,?Le?Art?du? Peintre.?? ? Colophane?or?Rosin? Colophane?or?Rosin? ? No?Precise?formula?was? given?for?this?options? A.?Roubo,?L?Art?Du? Menuisier??b?niste.? ? 2?ounces?White?Lead? ? 2?ounces?Umber? ? 1?ounces?Amber?varnish? White?lead? Umber? Amber?Varnish? ? J.?Watin,?L?art?du? peintre,?doreur,? vernisseur.? ? 1?pint?of?Spirit?of?Wine? ? 5?ounces?of?Sandarac?? ? 2?ounces?of?Mastic? ? 1?ounce?of?Gum?Elemi? ? 1?ounce?of?Aspic?oil? ? All?melted?without?boiling?then?mixed,?let?the?mixture?cool?and?filter? through?cotton.?? Spirit?of?Wine? Sandarac? Mastic? Gum?Elemi? Aspic?Oil? ? A.?Roubo,?L?Art?Du? Menuisier??b?niste.? ? Wax? ? Powdered?Gum?Lacquer? Wax?(Beeswax?)? Powdered?Gum? ? The?wax?is?applied?then? the?powdered?gum? A.?Roubo,?L?Art?Du? Menuisier??b?niste.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?427? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3.??Surface?Covering?Formulas???Varnishes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?(country)? Source? Lacquer? lacquer?is?sprinkled?on? the?surface?the? polished.?Roubo?says? the?purpose?is?to? enhance?the?colour.?? Rosin?can?be?used?for? dark?woods.? ? Olive?or?linen?Oil? Olive?or?Linen?Oil? ? Sometimes?these?are? rubbed?in?along?with? various?powders?such? as?Tripoli,?Pumice,?Coal? or?White?of?Spain? A.?Roubo,?L?Art?Du? Menuisier??b?niste.? ? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?428? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 3. Surface?Covering?Formulas???Waxes? Formula? Key?Ingredients? Comments?? Source? ? Yellow?wax?(beeswax)?and?candle?grease?or?Tallow? Yellow?Wax? Candle?grease?or? Tallow? ? No?specific?receipe? was?provided.?? A.?Roubo,?L?Art?Du? Menuisier??b?niste.? ? 2?ounces?of?bees?wax,?melted?and?mixed?with???ounce?of?Burgundy? pitch,?belt?them?together?and?add?1???ounce?of?ivory?black?ground?fine.?? Bees?wax? Burgundy?pitch? Ivory?Black? ? A?Black?Wax? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet? Maker?s?Guide.? ? 4?ounces?of?bees?wax?into?a?pot?or?basin,?? ? Add?as?much?spirits?of?turpentine?as?will?moisten?it?through.?? ? Powder???of?and?ounce?of?rosin?and?add?it?when?it?is?dissolved?to?the? consistence?of?past.??? ? Add?as?much?Indian?red?as?will?bring?to?a?deep?mahogany?colour?and? stir.?? Beeswax? Spirit?of?turpentine? Rosin? Indian?Red? ? Described?as?being?a? ?Furniture?paste?.?? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet? Maker?s?Guide.? ? 4?ounces?of?bees?wax?added?to?1?pint?of?spirits?of?turpentine.? ? Add?1?ounce?of?Alkanet?root.?Cover?and?close?and?put?over?a?fire.?? ? Once?the?colour?has?been?extracted?from?the?root,?add?a?quarter?of?an? ounce?of?powdered?rosin?cover?it?and?let?it?stand?for?6?hours.?? Bees?wax? Spirit?of?turpentine? Alkanet?root? Rosin? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet? Maker?s?Guide.? ? Gum?Lacca,?melted?and?prepared?with?resins?and?coloured?with? pigment? Gum?Lacca?(shellac)? Resins? Pigment? ? Called?Sealing?or? Spanish?wax? E.?Chambers,? Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences? ? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?429? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? 1?ounce?(28.3?gr.)?of?Logwood?extract.? ? 1?quart?(960ml)?of?water.? ? 1?ounce?(28.3?gr.)?of?Ferrous?Sulphates?with?1?more? quart?(960?ml)?of?water.? ? Dissolve?Logwood?extract?in?1?quart?(960?ml)?of?hot? water???let?it?sit?overnight.?Then?strain?the?liquid.? ? For?mordant,?mix?the?Ferrous?Sulphate?with?1?quart? (960?ml)?of?room?temperature?water.??? ? Apply?2?or?3?coats?until?wood?is?a?deep?brown.?? After?the?last?coat,?apply?mordant.??This?will?turn? the?stain?black.??If?this?is?not?black?enough,?repeat? procedure.?? Logwood?extract? Ferrous?Sulphates? ? When?the?wood?dries,?it?will? turn?a?dark?grey.??It?will?turn? black?again?once?the?surface? covering?(wax,?shellac,?varnish,? etc.)?is?applied.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques?? ? 6?lbs?of?chipped?logwood?placed?in?a??chairmakers?s? copper?fixed?.?Put?in?as?many?veneers?as?possible,? fill?with?water.??Boil?it?for?about?three?hours.??? ? Add???pound?of?powdered?verdigris,?half?a?pound? of?copperas?and?four?ounces?of?bruised?nutgalls.? ? Fill?the?copper?up?with?vinegar?as?the?water? evaporates.??Let?it?boil?for?2?hours?each?day?till?you? find?the?wood?to?be?dyed?through.? Logwood? Verdigris? Copperas? Bruised?Nut?Galls? Vinegar? ? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? Black? ? Oak?apples,?Iron?or?Copper?sulphate,?Roman?vitriol? (sulphuric?Acid).? ? Pear?wood?soaked?in?oak?apple?liquor.???When?dry? polish?off?with?a?fine??wild?boar?hare?and?warm? wax.? Oak?apples? Iron?or?copper? sulphate? Roman?vitriol? ? No?specific?formula?was?given.?? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?430? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? Steep?wood?for?2?to?3?days?in?luke?warm?water?with? a?little?Alum?added.??? ? Put?a?handful?of?Logwood,?cut?small,?into?a?pint? (480?ml)?of?water.??Boil?it?to???of?a?pint?(240?ml).??? ? Adding?Indigo?will?improve?the?colour.? ? Spread?on?the?wood?while?hot?(leaving?it?violet).?? When?dry?spread?another?layer,?let?it?dry???re?apply.??? ? Boil?Verdigris?in?its?own?Vinegar?and?spread?a?layer? on?the?wood.??When?dry,?rub?it?with?a?brush?then? with?oiled?chamois?skin.? Alum? Logwood? Indigo? Verdigris? ? Use?fresh?wood?if?possible.? Colours?are?stronger?if?the? wood?has?been?boiled?for?1? hour?then?cooled.??? ? When?drying?the?wood?after? applying?the?stain,?do?not?use? heat.? ? Works?best?on?pear,?holly?or? beach.? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)32? ? Rub?the?finished?wood?with?diluted?Aquafortis.?? After?drying?removed?the?raised?grain?with?pumice? stone.??Repeat?a?second?time.? ? Mix?together?(in?a?glazed?earthen?vessel)?1?pt?(480? ml)?of?Vinegar;?2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?fine?iron? filings,???pound?(226.4?gr.)?of?pounded?galls.??Allow? them?to?infuse?for?3?4?hours?on?hot?cinders.??? Aquafortis\Vinegar? Iron?fillings? Pounded?galls? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Pour?2?quarts?(1,920?ml)?of?boiling?water?over?1? ounce?(28.3?gr.)?of?commercial?extract?of?logwood,? when?dissolved?add?1?dr.?(dram)?of?yellow? chromate?of?potash?and?stir?well.??? Logwood?extract? Yellow?Chromate? of?potash? ? This?stain?is?cheap,?keeps?well? and?can?be?applied?cold?with?a? brush?without?any?preparation.? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Rub?wood?with?Aquafortis?that?has?been?diluted? slightly.??Remove?the?raised?grain?with?pumice.?? ? Repeat?this?process?until?the?colour?is?achieved??? allowing?the?wood?to?dry?between?applications.??? ? Finish?by?polishing?with?Tripoli?on?a?leather?rubber.? Aquafortis? Tripoli?? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood? ? ? Cover?the?bottom?of?the?pan33?with?logwood?chips.?? Logwood?chips? ? Described?as??Fine?Black?? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 32?From?Web?site,?a?summary?of?18th?Century?dying?techniques,?recommended?by?Jack?Metcalfe.??According?to?Mr.?Metcalfe,?this?is?an?excerpt?from??The?Cabinet?makers? guild?to?the?Whole?Art?of?Dying,?Staining,?Varnishing?and?Beautifying?of?Wood??by?Peter?Weber???a?U.S.?publication?from?1809.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?431? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? Add?veneers?and?let?them?simmer?for?3?hours.??? ? Add?a?few?ounces?(About?56.6.?gr.)?of?powdered? Verdigris?(Copper?Acetate),?a?few?ounces?(About? 56.6.?gr.)?of?Copperas?(Iron?Sulphate)?&?one?ounce? (28.3?gr.)?of?crushed?Nut?Galls?(the?knurled?growth? from?oak?trees)? ? Simmer?for?a?couple?of?hours?each?day?and?let?cool.?? ? Repeat?this?until?the?depth?of?colour?is?achieved.? Powdered? Verdigris? Copperas? Nut?Galls? Harewood? ? Mix?together?(in?a?glazed?earthen?vessel)?1?pint? (480?ml)?of?Vinegar;?2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?fine?Iron? filings,???pound?(226.4?gr)?of?pounded?Galls.??Allow? them?to?infuse?for?3?4?hours?on?hot?cinders.??? Vinegar? Iron?Fillings?? Nut?Gallls? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood?? ? Boil?Logwood?in?either?water?or?vinegar.?? ? While?hot?brush?stain?over?the?wood?2?or?3?times.? ? Take?the?Galls?and?the?Copperas,?well?beaten?and? boil?them?well?in?water.? Logwood? Galls?? Copperas? ? Repeat?as?often?as?possible,?the? more?the?better?the?colour.? ? If?the?item?is?small?enough,?it? can?be?immersed?in?the?item.? J.?Stalker?and?G.?Parker?.A?Treatise? of?Japanning?and?Varnishing.? ? G.?Gregory,?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences,?In?two?Volumes.? ? Brush?the?wood?with?a?mixture?of?copper?in? Aquafortis?followed?by?the?same?mixture?of? logwood?as?given?in?the?prior?formula.??Keep? repeating?the?application?of?logwood?until?the? correct?colour?appears.?? Copper? Aquafortis? Logwood? ? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Boil?a?mixture?of?1?pound?of?logwood?with?1?gallon? of?water?and?brush?the?hot?mixture?on?the?wood.??? ? Mix???pound?of?galls?in?2?quarts?of?water?and? letting?it?sit?in?the?sun?for?3?or?4?days.?? ? Brush?it?over?the?wood?3?or?4?times.? ? While?still?wet,?brush?the?wood?over?with?green? Logwood? Galls? Water? Green?Vitriol? ? ? This?is?described?as?the? cheapest?method?of?producing? a?black?colour.? ? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33?A?copper?pan?is?recommended?for?this?and?all?dyeing.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?432? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? Vitriol?(2?ounces)?in?water?(1?quart).? ? Grind?Lampblack?with?gum?water.?Coat?the?wood? with?this?and?polish?the?wood.?? Lampblack? Gum?water? Does?not?define??gum?water.?? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Soak?bits?of?rusty?iron?in?black?ink.??Rub?the?wood? with?this?mixture.?Repeat?until?the?desired?colour?is? obtained.???Polish?when?dry.?? Rusty?Iron? Black?Ink? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Soak?rusty?nails?in?Vinegar?then?add?Gall?Nuts.??Rub? the?wood?with?this?mixture.??Polish?when?dry.?? Vinegar? Gall?Nuts? Can?boil?the?wood?in?this?mixture.?? The?author?recommends?that?the? wood?be?holly,?apple?or?another? light?wood?with?little?grain.?? You?can?also?follow?this?procedure? with?a?black?wax?that?is?rubbed?on? to?the?surface.? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Take?Black?Ink?and?place?it?in?a?stone?or?glass? container?and?let?the?liquid?dry?to?a?powder.?? Scrape?this?powder?out?and?mix?it?with?a?Varnish? and?apply?it?to?the?wood.?? Black?ink? Varnish? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Brushing?the?wood?with?logwood?boiled?in?Vinegar.?? Then?washing?the?wood?over?with?a?mixture?of?Gals? and?copperas?until?it?turns?to?the?colour?desired.?? Logwood? Vinegar? Gal? Copperas? ? J.?Barrow,?A?Supplement?to?the? New?and?Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences,?? ? Brush?over?the?wood?4?or?5?times?with?a?warm? mixture?of?Logwood?(made?1?pound?of?Logwood?to? 1?gallon?of?water)? ? Follow?this?with?a?decoction?of???of?powdered?Galls? to?2?quarts?of?water?and?allow?it?to?dry?between? the?applications.?? ? Wash?this?over?with?a?mixture?of?2?ounces?of?Vitriol? with?1?quart?of?water.?? Logwood? Galls? Vitriol?? Water? This?is?thought?to?produce?a??deep?? black?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences? ? (No?Author?Given),?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? ? Bush?the?wood?with?a?solution?of?Copper?in? Copper? This?is?described?as?a?very??fine?? Chambers,?E.,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?433? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? Aquafortis?and?afterward?with?a?decoction?of? Logwood.??Repeat?the?applications?as?needed.?? Aquafortis? Logwood?? black.? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences? ? (No?Author?Given),?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? In?an?earthen?glazed?vessel?put?a?pint?of?Vinegar? add?to?this?2?ounces?of?Iron?fillings,???pound?of? Galls?and?allow?this?to??infuse?for?3?or?4?hours?while? place?on?mild?heat.??? ? Increase?the?heat,?add?to?this?4?ounces?of? Copperas,?a?small?amount?of?water,???ounce?of? Borax?and???ounce?of?Indigo.??Bring?this?mixture?to? a?boil.?? ? Brush?the?selected?wood?over?with?Aquafortis? diluted?with?water,?then?rub?several?coats?of?the? prepared?mixture?on?to?the?wood.? Vinegar? Iron?fillings? Galls? Copperas? Borax? Indigo? Aquafortis? A?variation?is?to?wash?the?wood? with?2?or?3?coats?of?logwood?boiled? in?water.?? ? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary.? ? ? Dissolve?alum?in?water?by?a?moderate?heat?and? soak?the?wood?in?this?mixture.??? ? Take?Logwood?chips?and?boil?them?in?water?in?an? earthen?vessel?until?the?water?is?reduced?to?half? the?quantity.?? ? Pound?or?grind?a?little?Indigo?and?add?to?the? mixture?and?bring?it?to?a?boil.?Wash?the?wood?over? with?the?mixture?several?times?while?it?is?still?hot? (this?will?produce?a?violet?colour)? ? Once?dry?wash?the?work?over?with?a?mixture?of? Verdigrease?which?has?been?boiled?in?its?own? Vinegar.?? Alum? Logwood?Chips? Indigo? Verdigrease? ? Produces?what?is?called?a??good? black??? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?434? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? Soak?the?wood?in?Alum?water?set?in?a?lukewarm? temperature.??After?this?take?the?wood?to?be? stained?and?put?it?a??strong??boiling?liquor?of? Logwood?chips?and?boil?this?for?a?few?days.??? ? Combine?the?following?ingredients?Gall?Nuts,? Madder,?Sumack,?Alder?bark,?and?Iron?filings?and? bring?this?mixture?to?a?boil.??After?it?has?cooled,?add? to?this?some?Vitriol?and?place?the?veneer?in?it?until? it?is?dyed?through.?? Alum? Logwood?chips? Gall?Nuts? Madder? Sumack? Alder?Bark? Iron?filings? Vitriol? ? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary? ? ? Pear?or?box?may?be?dyed?black?by?doing?the? following:??place?the?wood?in?alum?water?for?3?or?4? days,?then?boil?it?in?common?Linseed?oil?with?a?little? Roman?Vitriol?and?Sulphur.??? Alum? Common? Linseed?Oil? Roman?Vitriol? Sulphur? This?can?only?be?used?for?small? pieces.?? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary? ? ? Boil?logwood?in?water?or?vinegar?and?brush?this?on? to?the?wood?once?it?is?boiling?hot.??Take?Nutgalls? and?Copperas?and?bruise?them?and?boil?them?in? water.??Wash?the?wood?until?it?is?a?perfect?black.?? Logwood? Water?or? Vinegar? Nutgalls?? Copperas? ? J.?Crease,?Varnishing?on?Paper?and? wood?with?Every?improvement.? ? ? Brush?over?the?wood?with?Logwood?that?has?been? boiled?in?vinegar.??While?still?hot?brush?it?over?with? a?decoction?of?galls?and?copperas?until?the?desired? colour?is?achieved.?? Logwood? Vinegar? Galls?? Copperas? ? ? ? ? Wild?Cashew? Wild?Cashew? ? C.?L.?Berthollet,??l?ments?de?l'art? de?la?teinture,?Vol?1?&?2,?F.?Didot,?? Paris,?1791.? Yellow? ? 2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?Gamboge?resin? ? 1?quart?(960?ml)?of?Ethyl?Alcohol.?? ? Mix?the?two?and?allow?it?to?dissolve?for?several? days.??Then?strain?the?liquid.? Gamboge? Ethyl?alcohol? ? ? This?produces?a?bright?yellow?stain? in?light?woods;?it?also?enhances?the? colour?in?dark?woods.??It?a?golden? colour?to?oak.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?435? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? Crush?Annatto?Seeds?in?a?mortar?with?a?pestle?and? soak?them?in?alcohol?to?make?a?spirit?stain.??The? liquid?must?be?strained?before?applying?it?to?the? wood.? Annatto?seeds? Alcohol? This?makes?a?reddish?yellow?or? brown?stain.? ? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? Mix?Yellowwood?with?Alcohol.? Yellowwood? Alcohol? Can?be?used?to?put?a?yellow?tent?in? varnishes.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? Fustic?is?available?in?an?extract?that?dissolves?in? water.? ? Fustic? Water? ? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? Crush?the?Buckthorn?berries?then?boil?them?in? water?and?strain?the?resulting?liquid.? Buckthorn?berries? Water? This?is?a?yellow?dye?produced?from? the?berries?of?the?Buckthorn?shrub? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? Produced?by?a?mixture?of?Barberry?fruits?(roots?),? Saffron,?and?Ochre?or?more?easily?from?Dyer?s? weed?(Dutch?Pink,?Reseda?Luteola)? Barberry?fruits? Saffron? Ochre? Or?Dyer?s?weed? No?specific?recipe?is?given.? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ? Put?small?amount?of?Aloes?into?the?Varnish.?? Aloes?? Varnish? Described?as??bright?yellow?.? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Reduce?4?pounds?(905.6?gr)?of?roots?of?Barberry?by? sawing?into?dust.??Put?this?in?a?copper?or?brass?pan.?? Add?4?ounces?(113.2?gr.)?of?Turmeric?and?4?gallons?? (3,840?ml)?of?water.??? ? Put?the?veneers?in?the?liquor?(make?sure?they?are? all?covered)?boil?them?together?for?3?hours?after? turning?them.??When?cool?add?2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of? Aquafortis.? Barberry? Turmeric? Water? Aquafortis? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? ? Reduce?4?pounds?(905.6?gr.)?of?roots?of?Barberry? into?dust?by?sawing,?put?into?a?copper?pan?with?4? ounces?(113.2?gr.)?of?Turmeric?and?4?gallons?(3,840? ml)?of?water.??Boil?the?wood?in?the?solution?for?3? Barberry? Tumeric?? Water?? Aquafortis? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?436? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? hours???turning?often.??When?cool?add?two?ounces? (56.6?gr.)?of?Aquafortis.? ? Warm?the?wood?and?brush?it?with?Aquafortis.??Hold? the?wood?over?the?fire?until?it?is??smoking??when? dry,?sand?it?again.? Aquafortis? The?recommend?that?the?wood?be? a?burr?or?knotty?ask?or?other?white? curled?and?knotty?wood.?? J.?Stalker?and?G.?Parker,?A?Treatise? of?Japanning?and?Varnishing.? ? A?pound?(226.4?gr.)?of?Barberry?root?that?has?been? ground?to?dust?and?placed?in?a?copper?vessel.?? ? Add?1?ounce?of?Turmeric?(28.3?gr.)?and?a?gallon? (3,840?ml)?of?water.??? ? Boil?the?veneer?in?the?liquid?for?3?hours?turning? them?regularly.??? ? When?cool?add???a?fluid?ounce?(15?ml)?of? Aquafortis?(Nitric?Acid)?to?fix?the?colours?and?leave? them?in?overnight.??Remove?the?veneers?and?rinse? the?before?slowly?drying?them.? Barberry?rood? Tumeric? Water? Aquafortis? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? To?a?gallon?(3,840?ml)?of?water?add?1?pound?(226.4? gr.)?of?French?berries?and?boil?for?a?couple?of?hours? until?the?colour?has?penetrated.??The?colour?is? brightened?by?adding?the?brightening?mixture?to? the?existing?liquid.? French?Berries? Water? The?recipe?for?the?brightening? mixture:??to?1?pint?of?30%?nitric? acid?add?1?ounce?of?Grain?tin?and? a?walnut?sized?piece?of?Sal? Ammoniac?(ammonium?chloride)? let?this?soak?for?3?days?shaking? periodically.??Pour?a?few?ounces? into?any?of?the?mixtures?given?as? this?will?help?brighten?and?fix?the? colours.?? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? ? 4?pounds?of?roots?of?barberry,?reduced?to?dust?by? sawing?placed?in?a?copper?or?brass?trough.? ? Add?4?ounces?of?turmeric,?and?four?gallons?of? water.? ? Place?in?as?many?white?holly?veneers?as?the?liquor? Root?of?barberry? Turmeric? Aquafortis? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?437? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? will?cover,?boil?them?for?3?hours,?turning?often.??? ? When?cool?add?2?ounces?of?Aquafortis.? ? Brush?white?wood?with?tincture?of?turmeric? (ground?to?a?powder)?to?a?pint?of?spirit.??Leave?for? ?some??days.??If?the?colour?needs?a?reddish?cast? dragon?s?blood?can?be?added.? ? The?turmeric?wash?is?made?from?gum?of?turmeric? root?dissolved?in?water.? Turmeric? Spirit? (Dragon?s?Blood)? This?will?not?be?as?strong?as?the? formula?made?with?French? berries.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? Make?a?tincture?of?French?berries?by?combining?a? pound?of?French?berries?with?a?gallon?of?water?and? 1?1/2?ounce?of?alum,?and?boil?together?in?a?pewter? vessel.?Strain?the?result.?Rub?wood?several?times? with?tincture.? ? Let?the?wood?dry?then?brush?it?over?with?a?weak? alum?water?solution.??If?needed,?you?can?soak?the? wood?in?the?tinctures? French?berries? Alum? This?version?is?described?as? cheaper?and?less?strong?than? the?turmeric?formula.? You?can?boil?the?French?berry? formula?stronger?by?boiling?off? the?liquid?more.??The?berries? should?be?large,?plump?and? heavy?and?dark.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? Aquafortis?applied?to?warm?wood?and??held?to?the? fire?right?after.? Aqua?fortis? May?produce?a?browner?version? of?yellow?if?the?solution?is?too? strong.? The?instructions?for?this?are?a? bit?vague.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Dissolve?Trunsol?in?2?quarts?of?water.??To?this?add? ground?indigo?and?set?it?in?a?vessel?on?a?weak?fire,? stir?until?it?dissolves.??Coat?this?mixture?on?to?the? wood.? Trunsol? Water? Indigo? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Take?4?ounces?of?French?berries?and?boil?them?for? about???of?an?hour?in?a?quart?of?water?with?a? Filbert?(?)?of?alum.? ? Soak?the?wood?in?this?solution.?? French?berries? Water? Filbert?of?Alum? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? ? Boil?in?water?Terra?Merita?(Turmeric)?and?soak?the? Turmeric? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?438? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? wood?in?this?solution.?? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Brush?the?wood?over?several?times?with?tincture?of? Turmeric?root??(1?ounce)?in?a?pint?of?spirit.??Let?this? sit?for?a?few?days?then?strain?it.? Tumeric?Root? Spirit?? May?be?made?redder?by?adding? dragon?s?blood.? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? (None?Given),?The?Golden?Cabinet:?? Being?the?Laboratory?or?Handmaid? to?the?Arts?(Second?Edition),? ? ? ? Rub?the?wood?several?times?with?a?tincture?of? French?berries?that?has?been?boiled.??When?dry,? brush?over?it?with?a?weak,?cold?alum?water?solution?? French?Berries? Alum? This?is?described?as?less?expensive? and?weaker?than?the?turmeric?root? formula.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? In?a?glass?bottle?add?1?pound?(452.8?gr.)?of?Oil?of? Vitriol.??Add?to?this?4?ounces?(113.2?gr.)?of?indigo.??? ? To?dye?veneers,?place?them?in?a?container?(glazed? or?wooden)?with?the?mixture?then?add?water?to? cover?the?veneers.??Leave?it?until?the?dye?has? ?struck?.? Oil?of?vitriol? Indigo? ? G.?Frank,?Classic?Wood?Finishing.? ?? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? ? Woad?leaves?are?dried?and?ground?into?a?powder? then?mixed?with?water?to?form?a?paste.? Woad?Leaves? ? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? A?solution?of?Indigo?mixed?with?Oil?of?Vitriol.??It?is? thinned?with?water?to?make?the?desired? consistency?and?colour.? Oil?of?Vitriol? Indigo? The?Indigo?is??practically?water? insoluble?? ? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? Blue? ? Mix?4?ounces?(113.2?gr.)?of?Indigo?in?a?glass? container?with?one?pound?(226.4?gr.)?of?Oil?of? Oil?of?vitriol? Indigo? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?439? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? Vitriol?(Sulphuric?Acid).? ? Into?a?gallon?(3,840?ml)?of?water?add?half?dozen? small?lumps?of?quick?Lime?and?stir?it?well?and?let?it? settle.?? ? Strain?off?the?clear?liquid.??To?this?clear?liquid?add? 10?ounces?(283?gr.)?of?Turnsole?and?simmer?the? veneers?until?the?colour?is?penetrated.??Note:?you? should?not?boil?the?wood,?as?this?will?weaken?the? colour.? Quick?lime? Turnsole? ? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? Make?a?solution?of?Copper?by?dissolving?copper? shavings?in?Spirit?of?Nitre?or?Aquafortis.??Add?the? copper?gradually?until?it?effervesces.??Add?to?this? finely?powdered?starch?(the?proportion?is?1/5?th?of? the?weight?of?the?copper).??Gradually?add?to?this?a? solution?of?pearl?ashes?until?the?fluid?becomes?clear? and?colourless.??Extract?the?power?that?is?produced,? grind?it?finely?and?let?it?dry.?? ? Take?the?solution?of?Copper?heat?it?and?brush?it? over?the?wood?several?times.??Make?a?solution?of? Pearl?Ashes?in?the?proportion?of?2?ounces?to?1?pint? of?water?and?brush?it,?hot,?over?the?wood?until?the? wood?is?the?colour?wanted.?? Copper?shavings? Spirit?of?nitre?or? Aquafortis? Starch? Pearl?ashes? Dossie?was?unclear?on?one?point?is? how?the?powder?should?it?be?mixed? together?to?produce?the?solution.?? This?version?is,?according?to?this? author?a?brighter?blue?than?the? version?made?from?indigo?(see?next? formula)? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Dye?the?wood?green?with?Verdigrise?then?brush?it? with?a?boiling?solution?of?Pearl?Ashes?until?it?turns? blue.?? Verdigrise? Pearl?Ashes? Dossie?does?not?specify?exactly?how? to?dye?the?wood?green.? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Brush?a?boiling?hot?solution?of?Indigo?on?the?wood.?? Then?prepare?a?solution?of?white?tartar?(Cream?of? tartar)?by?boiling?3?ounces?of?Tartar?with?a?quart?of? water?and?brushing?it?over?the?still?wet?wood.? Indigo? White?Tartar? (Cream?of?Tartar)? Dossie?does?not?specify?exactly?how? the?solution?of?indigo?is?produced.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? ? Mix?Slack?Lime?in?water.??Using?3?pints?of?this? Slack?Lime? This?book?mentions?that?the?lime?in? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?440? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? dissolve?4?ounces?of?Turnsol?and?boil?it?for?1?hour.?? ? Apply?several?coats?to?the?wood.? Turnsol? water?should?be??decanted?out?of? the?ground??before?adding?the? turnsol.??It?is?unclear?what?this? means.?? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Brush?over?the?wood?a?Solution?of?Copper?several? times?while?the?solution?is?hot.??Follow?this?by? brushing?the?wood?with?a?solution?of?Pearl?Ashes?in? the?proportions?of?2?ounces?to?1?pint?of?hot?water.? Solution?of?Copper? Pearl?Ashes? This?formula?is?described?by? Chambers?as?the?brighter?formula.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? ? Brush?over?the?indigo?prepared?with?sope?lees?as? when?used?by?dyers?boiling?hot.?? ? Follow?this?by?brushing?it?over?with?a?solution?of? white?Tartar?or?Cream?of?Tartar?before?the?wood? has?dried.??This?later?solution?is?made?by?boiling?3? ounces?of?the?Tartar?in?1?quart?of?water.?? Indigo? Sope?lees? Cream?of?Tartar? ? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? Brazilwood?? Brazilwood? No?specific?recipe?is?given.? G.?Frank,?Classic?Wood?Finishing.? ? 2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?Dragon?s?Blood? ? 1?quart?(960?ml)?of?Ethyl?Acohol.?? ? Break?the?Dragon?s?Blood?into?small?pieces?with?a? mortar?and?pestle.??Place?the?Dragon?s?Blood?in?the? Alcohol?and?shake?it.??? ? Place?the?bottle?in?a?sunlit?area?and?shake?it? occasionally?until?it?is?dissolved.??Strain?the?mixture.? Dragon?s?blood? Ethyl?Alcohol? ? ? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? Red? ? Brazilwood?and?Alum?(the?Alum?will?intensify?the? colour?of?the?dye)? Brazilwood? Alum? The?Alum?will?intensify?the?colour? of?the?dye.??? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?441? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? No?specific?recipe?is?given.?? 18th?Century.? ? Cochineal?powder:?Soak?the?powder?in?hot?water? and?finally?combine?this?brew?with?Alum?mordant.?? ? Cochineal?is?made?from?the?crushed? bodies?of?female?cochineal?insects.? This?was?used?to?produce?the?red?in? British?army?uniforms?in?the?mid?to? late?1700?s.?? G.?Frank,?Classic?Wood?Finishing? ? 2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?red?Sandalwood?powder? ? 1?quart?(960?ml)?of?Ethyl?Alcohol.? ? Mix?the?2?ingredients?together?and?place?in?a?warm? place?for?several?days.?Strain?to?remove?wood? fibres.?? ? This?produces?a?red?that?is?brighter? than?Dragon?s?Blood?stain.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? Brazilwood?and?Alum.?? ? This?author?recommended? obtaining?liquor?from??old?red? woollen?cloth.? The?more?Alum?the?more?intense? the?colouration.? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ? Sandalwood?is?available?as?a?powder.??Put?the? powder?in?a?jar?with?alcohol?and?let?the?dye? dissolve?for?several?days.??After?it?has?dissolved,? strain?the?liquid.? Sandalwood? Alcohol? ? Sandalwood?can?also?be?used?to? produce?a?yellow?dye?(the?text?did? not?describe?how?this?could?be? done).??? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ? Brazilwood?(1?ounce/23.3?gr.)?and?1?quart?(960? ml)?water.? ? 1?ounce?(23.3?gr.)?Tin?Chloride?and?1?quart?(960? ml)?water? ? Mix?Brazilwood?extract?in?hot?water?and?let?it?sit? overnight,?then?strain?the?liquid?through?cloth?or? filter?paper.??Mix?the?mordant?using?room? temperature?water?and?let?the?tin?chloride? dissolve?overnight.? Brazilwood?? Tin?Chloride? Apply?two?or?three?coats?with?a? brush?rag?or?damp?sponge?after? applying?the?last?coat?of?stain,?apply? the?mordant.?? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ? ? The?Madder?extract?can?be?substituted?for?the? Madder? Madder?produces?an?orange??red? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?442? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? plant?itself.? ? Break?the?roots?into?small?pieces?and?boil?them?in? water.??? ? colour.? Alum?is?frequently?used?as?the? mordant.?? ? Techniques.? ? Boil?1?pound?(226.4?gr.)?of?ground?Brazilwood?in?3? quarts?(2,880?ml)?of?water?for?an?hour,?strain,?add? ??ounce?(28.3?gr)?of?Cochineal?and?boil?gently?for? half?an?hour.? Brazilwood? Cochineal? Described?as??crimson??not??red?.? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? Boil?a?kettle?of?water?with?a?handful?of?Alum.? Place?the?wood?into?this?mixture?and?allow?it?to? boil?for?a?short?time.??? ? Take?the?wood?out?and?add?two?handfuls?of? Brazilwood?to?the?mixture.?? ? Return?the?wood?to?the?mixture?and?bring?it?to?a? boil?for?15?minutes.?? Brazilwood? Alum? Works?best?on?woods?that?are? white.? When?finished?remove?the?raised? grain.?? J.?Stalker?and?G.?Parker,?A?Treatise? of?Japanning?and?Varnishing.? ? Boil?the?wood?for?3?hours?in?2?pounds?(452.8?gr.)? of?Brazilwood?dust?to?4?gallons?of?water.??Let?cool? then?add?2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?alum?and?2?ounces? (56.6?gr.)?of?Aquafortis.??Keep?this?lukewarm?until? the?colour?has?struck?through? Brazilwood? Alum? Aquafortis? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? To?a?gallon?(3,840?ml)?of?water?add???pound? (113.2?gr.)?of?Brazil?dust?and?boil?veneers?in?it?for? 3?hours.??Add?to?this???ounce?(14.15?gr.)??of?Alum? and???ounces?(14.15?gr.)?of?Aquafortis.??Keep?this? solution?warm?until?the?colour?has?struck.?? Brazilwood? Alum? Aquafortis? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? ? 2?pounds?of?Brazil?dust,?added?to?4?gallons?of? water.??? ? Put?as?many?veneers?as?the?liquor?will?cover.?? ? Boil?them?for?3?hours?and?let?cool? ? Add?2?ounces?of?alum?and?2?ounces?of?Aquafortis? Brazilwood? Aquafortis? Alum? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?443? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? and?keep?lukewarm?until?the?colour?has?struck? through? ? A?strong?infusion?(1?pound?to?a?gallon)?of? Brazilwood?in?stale?urine?or?water?impregnated? with?pearl?ashes?(1?ounce?to?a?gallon).?Let?this? mixture?stand?for?2?or?3?days.?? ? Bring?the?mixture?to?a?boil,?and?then?brush?over? the?wood?until?it?is?strongly?coloured.? ? Brush?over?wit?alum?water?made?with?2?ounces?of? alum?to?1?quart?of?water.?? Brazilwood? Urine? Alum? Produces?a?bright?red?colour.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Dissolve?1?ounce?of?dragon?s?blood?in?a?pint?of? spirit?of?wine?and?brush?over?the?wood?till?the? colour?is?a?strong?as?you?want.? Dragon?s?blood? Spirit?of?wine? For?a?weaker?red?colour? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Mix?1?pound?of?Brazilwood?in?stale?urine?and?add? 2?additional?ounces?of?pearl?ashes.??Let?it?sit?for?a? few?days,?boil?then?brush?over?the?wood?until?it?is? the?colour?desired.??? ? Once?finished?brush?over?the?wood?with?alum.?? Brazilwood? Urine? Pearl?ashes? Alum? The?more?pearl?ashes?the?paler?the? colour.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Give?the?wood?a?coat?of?yellow?made?from?saffron? diluted?in?water.??Let?the?wood?dry?then?apply?a? coat?of?Brazilwood?that?has?been?chopped?fine,? boiled?in?water.??Repeat?the?application?of? Brazilwood?until?the?desired?colour?is?obtained.?? ? Apply?a?solution?of?alum?or?quick?lime?to?make? the?colour?brighter.?? Saffron? Brazilwood? Alum?or?quick?lime? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? ? Give?the?wood?a?coat?of?yellow?made?from?saffron? diluted?in?water.??Let?the?wood?dry?then?apply?a? coat?of?Brazilwood?that?has?been?chopped?fine,? and?mixed?in?oil?of?tartar.??Repeat?the?application? of?Brazilwood?until?the?desired?colour?is?obtained.?? Saffron? Brazilwood? Oil?of?Tartar? Alum?or?quick?lime? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?444? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? Apply?a?solution?of?alum?or?quick?lime?to?make? the?colour?brighter.?? ? Boil?the?wood?in?water?and?alum.??Take?the?wood? out?add?Brazilwood?to?the?liquor?and?boiling?it? again.? Alum? Brazilwood? ? J.?Barrow,?A?Supplement?to?the? New?and?Universal?Dictionary?of? Arts?and?Sciences? ? Make?a?strong?infusion?of?Brazilwood?(1?pound)?in? stale?Urine?(1?gallon)?or?water?impregnated?with? Pearl?Ashes?(the?ratio?of?Pearl?Ashes?to?water?is?1? ounce?to?1?gallon).? ? Stir?this?mixture?frequently?over?2?or?3?days.? ? Boil?the?solution?and?brush?the?solution?with?the? hot?formula.??Before?it?has?dried?brush?over?Alum? water?made?of?2?ounces?alum?to?1?quart?of?water.?? Brazilwood? Stale?urine?(or? water?+?pearl? ashes)? Alum? Described?as?a?bright?red?stain.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? Bush?over?the?wood?with?a?tincture?made?by? dissolving?1?ounce?of?Dragon?s?blood?with?1?pint? of?Spirit?of?wine.?? Dragon?s?Blood? Spirit?of?wine? This?formula?is?described?as?less? red.??? To?make?this?a?pink?or?red?add?2? ounces?of?pearl?ashes?and?use?it?as? before.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? Take?quick?lime??slaked??in?urine?and?cover?the? wood?with?this?mixture?while?it?is?still?hot.?? ? Add?to?this??that?which?is?extracted?from? brazilwood??.??Let?the?wood?soak?for?half?a?day.?? Quick?lime? Urine? Brazilwood? If?needed?repeat?the? application?? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary.? ? Boil?the?wood?in?alum?water,?then?put?them?in?a? tincture?of?Brazilwood?and?alum?water?for?2?or?3? weeks? Alum?water? Brazilwood?? ? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary.? ? ? Using?a?white?wood,?place?it?in?a?kettle?of?water? with?a??handful?of?allom??and?leave?it?until?it?is?well? Alum?water?? Brazilwood? ? J.?Crease,?Varnishing?on?Paper? and?wood?with?Every? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?445? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? soaked.??Put?in?two?handfulls?of??rasped?brasil? wood??and?boil?it?for???of?an?hour? improvement???? ? Boil?the?wood?in?Alum?and?Water.??Take?it?out?and? add?Brazil(wood)?to?the?liquor?and?bringing?it?to?a? boil?once?again.?? Alum? Brazilwood? ? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? J.?Barrow,?New?and?Universal? Dictionary?of?Arts?and?Sciences,? ? 2?ounces?(56.3?gr.)?of?Annatto?seeds?and?1?quart? (960?ml)?of?Ethyl?Alcohol.??? ? Crush?the?seeds?and?let?them?soak?in?the?alcohol? for?several?days.??Strain?the?liquid.? Annatto?seeds? Ethyl?Alcohol? This?produces?a?bright?orange? colour.?? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? Orange? ? Dye?the?wood?yellow?then?transfer?it?to?bright?red? dye.? NA? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? Madder?root?(Alizarin)?(no?specific?recipe?is?given)? Madder?root? Produces?a?wide?range?of? colours?from?beige?to?dark? chocolate?by?combining?with? various?mordents.??? G.?Frank,?Classic?Wood?Finishing? ? 1?ounce?(28.3?gr.)?of?Brazilwood?extract.? ? 1?quart?(960?ml)?of?water.??? ? 1?ounce?(28.3?gr.)?Alum?mixed?with?1?quart?(960? ml)?of?water.? ? Heat?water?then?add?Brazilwood?extract.?Let?the? extract?dissolve?overnight?then?strain?the?liquid.??? ? Add?the?Alum?to?room?temperature?water?and?let? it?dissolve?overnight.??? ? Apply?coats?as?needed.??After?applying?the?last? coat?of?stain,?apply?the?mordant.?? Brazilwood?extract? Alum? Described?as??mahogany?red?? dye.? The?more?coats?you?apply,?the? more?intense?the?colour.?? You?can?make?this?more?intense? by?replacing?the?Alum?with?Tin? Chloride?as?the?mordant.?? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? Red? Browns/? Mahogany? ? Henna?comes?as?a?powder?that?is?mixed?with?hot? water.? Henna? ? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?446? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? Boil?together?Brazilwood?and?Alum?and?before?it?is? applied?to?the?wood?add?a?small?amount?of?Potash.??? Brazilwood?? Alum? Potash? This?will?stain?oak?to?a? mahogany?colour? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Break?2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?Dragon?s?Blood?into? pieces,?and?put?them?in?a?quart?(960?ml)?of?rectified? Spirit?of?Wine.??Let?the?bottle?stand?in?a?warm?place? and?shake?it?frequently.??It?is?ready?when?the? Dragon?s?Blood?has?dissolved.? Dragon?s?blood?? Rectified?spirit?of? wine? This?will?work?on?Beech?to? change?it?into?a?mahogany? colour? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Boil?together?Brazilwood?and?Alum?with?a?little? Potash? Brazilwood? Alum? Potash? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? Dissolve?2?ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?Dragon?s?Blood?in?1? quart?(960?ml)?of?rectified?spirits?of?wind?in?a?warm? location?for?several?days?(shake?frequently).? Dragon?s?blood? Rectified?spirits? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? Iron?filings?in?a?45%?Nitric?Acid?solution.?? Iron?filings? 45%?Nitric?Acid?? For?Maple.? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture? ? Boil?1?pound?(226.4?gr.)?of?Logwood?in?4?quarts? (3840?ml)?of?water.??Add?a?double?handful?of? walnut?peelings?and?boil?again.??Remove?the?chips? and?add?a?pint?of?Vinegar.? Logwood? Walnut?peelings? Vinegar? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood? ? Make?a?decoction?of?madder?(1/2?pound),?and? fustic?wood?(1/4?pound)?or?yellow?berries?(1? ounce)?ground?in?water.??? ? While?it?is?boiling?hot?brush?it?over?the?wood? until?the?colour?is?obtained.? Madder? Fustic?wood?(or? yellow?berries)? ? For?a?light?red?brown? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? ? Mix?a?tincture?of?dragon?s?blood?and?turmeric? root?in?spirit?of?wine.??? Dragon?s?blood? Turmeric? Spirit?of?wine? By?varying?the?ratio?of?the?two? ingredients,?one?can?vary?the? colour?from?a?stronger?red?or? yellow.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?447? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? This?works?better?for?woods? that?start?at?brown.?? ? Mix???pound?of?madder?and?2?ounces?of? logwood?in?water.??Bring?this?concoction?to?a?boil? and?brush?on?to?wood?several?times.?? ? Once?the?wood?has?dried,?brush?it?over?with?a? boiling?mixture?of?pearl?ashes?(1/4?ounce)?in? quart?of?water.? Madder? Logwood? Pearl?ashes? For?a?dark?mahogany? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Make?a?mixture?of?madder?(1/2?pound)?and? fustic?wood?(??pound)?ground?and?mixed?with? water.??? ? Bring?this?to?a?boil,?and?while?still?hot,?brush?it? over?the?wood.?? Madder? Fustic?Wood? ? Instead?of?the?fustic,?a?1?ounce? of?yellow?berries?may?be?sued.? This?produces?a?light?mahogany? colour.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? Brush?over?the?wood?with?a?tincture?of?dragon?s? blood?and?turmeric?rood?in?spirit?of?wine? Dragon?s?Blood? Turmeric? Spirit?of?wine? This?is?also?a?light?brown? mahogany?colour.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? ? Make?a?mixture?of?Madder?(1/2?pound)?and?Log? wood?(??pound)?ground?and?mixed?with?water?? ? After?it?dries?brush?it?over?lightly?with?Pearl? Ashes?(1/4?ounce)?dissolved?in?Water?(1?quart).? Madder?? Logwood? Pearl?ashes? This?is?reported?to?produce?a? dark?mahogany?formula? Chambers,?E.,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?448? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? Fill?an?earthen?crock?with?blackened?hulls?of? Walnuts?and?cover?with?water.??? ? Brew?on?slow?heat?for?3?or?4?days.??Add?a?spoon?full? of?Lye?or?Soda?Ash.?? ? Filter?the?mixture?with?a?cloth???bottle?and?cork?the? mixture.? Hulls?of?Walnuts? Lye?or?Soda?Ash? Current?replacement?is?walnut? crystals?or?Cassel?extract? Frank,?G.,?Classic?Wood?Finishing? ? 1?quart?(960?ml)?of?household?Ammonia? ? 1?cup?(240?ml)?of?Walnut?Husks.? ? Place?the?husks?in?the?Ammonia?and?let?it?sit?for? several?days.?? ? Strain?the?liquid.?? ? Brush?it?evenly?on?the?wood?and?allow?to?dry.?? Ammonia? Walnut?Husks? ? The?longer?the?husks?sit?in? Ammonia,?the?stronger?the? colour.?? You?can?change?the?intensity?by? adding?husks?or?water.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? A?decoction?of?Walnut?shells? Deconction?of? walnut?shells? No?specific?recipe?is?given? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century.? ? Mix?1?ounce?(28.3?gr.)?of?Walnut?Crystals?with?1? quart?(960?ml)?of?water?and???cup?(113.2?gr.)?of? Ammonia.? ? Bring?the?water?to?a?boil?and?remove?it?from?heat.??? ? Add?Crystals?and?stir.??Let?the?Crystals?dissolve? overnight?the?strain?it?to?removed?any?sediment.?? Add?the?Ammonia?to?deepen?the?colour?and?make? it?more?permanent.?? Walnut?Crystals? Water? Amonia? ? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? Walnut? Brown? ? Cutch?is?usually?sold?as?an?extract?that?will?dissolve? in?alcohol?or?in?warm?water.? Cutch? This?produces?a?brown?colour.? The?shade?of?brown?depends? upon?the?Mordant.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? Brown? ? Hold?the?sanded?work?to?the?fire?until?it?receives?a? ?gentle?warmth?.??Take?Aquafortis?and?with?a? Aquafortis? This?works?to?stain?boxwood? brown.? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?449? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? feather?pass?it?over?the?work?till?it?changes?to?a? ?fine?brown.?? (wood?dyes)? ? Iron?filings?in?8%?acetic?acid,?copper?shot?and? kitchen?salt? Iron?filings? Acetic?acid? Copper?shot?? Salt? For?Maple? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture? ? Boil?one?pound?(226.4?gr.)?of?chipped?Logwood?in?3? quarts?(2,880?ml)?of?water?for?an?hour;?add?4? ounces??(113.2?gr.)?of?Pearl?ash?and?two?ounces? (56.6?gr.)?of?well?pounded?Indigo.? Logwood? Pearl?Ash? Indigo? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? Boil?the?veneers?in?1?gallon?of?water?with???pound? (113.2?gr.)?of?Logwood?chips?or?powder.??When?the? colour?is?well?struck?add?some?of?the?Vitrilated? Indigo?solution?until?the?shade?required.?? Logwood? Vitrilated?Indigo? solution? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? 2?pounds?of?Chipped?Logwood,?half?a?pound?of? Brazil?dust.??Add?this?to?4?gallons?of?water,?put?in? the?veneers?and?boil.?? ? Add?6?ounces?of?Pearl?Ash?and?2?of?Alum.??Let?them? boil?2?or?3?hours?per?day?until?the?colour?is?correct.?? Logwood? Brazilwood? Pearl?ash? Alum? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? ? Bush?the?wood?with?a?mixture?of?logwood?(1? pound)?and?Brazilwood??(1/4?pound)?to?a?gallon?of? water?and?boiled?for?an?hour?or?more.? ? Brush?over?the?wood?until?the?colour?is?correct,?let? the?wood?dry?then?brushed?over?by?a?dram?of?Pearl? ash?mixed?in?1?quart?of?Water.? Logwood? Brazilwood? Pearl?ash? The?application?of?the?pearl?ash? solution?controls?the?colour.??As? more?of?the?pearl?ash?is?applied?the? colour?will?change?from?a?brown? red?toward?a?dark?blue?purple.?? R.?Dossie,?The?Handmaid?to?the? Arts.? ? ? Soak?Dutch?Turnsol?in?water?and?add?a?tincture?of? Brazilwood?made?in?Lime?Water.? Dutch?Turnsol? Brazilwood? This?produces?a?reddish?purple? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? Purple? ? Soak?German?Turnsol?in?water.??Dissolve?the? turnsol?and?strain?the?solution?through?a?linen? cloth.??Give?the?wood?a?coating?of?this.??If?it?is?too? German?Turnsol? ? This?produces?a?bluish?purple.?? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?450? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? strong,?apply?a?coating?of?clear?water.?? ? Add?4?ounces?of?Brazilwood?and???a?pound?of?India? woods?and?boil?them?together?in?2?quarts?of?water? with?1?ounce?of?Alum.? Brazilwood? India?woods? Alum? This?book?does?not?detail?what? ?india??wood?is.?? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Bush?over?the?wood?with?a?strong?mixture?of?Log?(1? pound)?and?Brazil?(1/4?pound)?wood?that?has?been? boiled?in?1?gallon?of?Water?for?1?hour?or?more.?? ? Once?it?is?the?colour?desired,?brush?it?over?with?a? solution?of?1?dram?Pearl?Ashes?in?a?quart?of?Water.?? Brazilwood? Log?wood? Pearl?ashes? Chambers?recommends?following? this?application?with?a?solution?of? gold?in?spirit?of?salt?or?aqua?regia?to? make?the?colour?more?durable.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? ? Dog?whelk?(colorant?du?buccin)? Dog?whelk? No?specific?recipe?is?given.?Dog? whelk?is?a?type?of?spiralled?sea? shell.? C.???L.?Berthollet,???l?ments?de?l'art? de?la?teinture,?Vol?1?&?2,?? ? Liquor?made?from?Green?Ebony34.? Green?Ebony? No?specific?recipe?is?given.? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ? Ferrous?Sulphate?with?several?dyes?produces?a? green?colour.??Specific?dyes?include?Cutch,?Fustic,? Henna?and?Logwood?(blue?green).? ? Ferrous?Sulphate? plus:??Cutch,? Fustic,?Henna?or? Logwood? No?specific?recipe?is?given.? S.?Allen,?Classic?Finishing? Techniques.? ? Mixing?blue?and?yellow?dyes? NA? No?specific?recipe?is?given? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? Green? ? Verdigris?? Verdigris? No?specific?recipe?is?given? M.?Sturmer,?Veneer?and?colours? Used?by?the?Cabinet?Makers?of?the? 18th?Century? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 34?This?is?the?heartwood?of?the?ebony?tree.??This?produces?an?olive?green?or?olive?brown?coloured?dye.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?451? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? To?3?pints?(1,440?ml)?of?Vinegar?add?4?ounces? (113.2?gr.)?of?Verdigris.??? ? Add?to?this???ounce?(14.15?gr.)?of?Sap?green?and??? ounce?(14.15?gr.)?of?Indigo.??Strain?the?resulting? liquid.? Vinegar? Verdigris? Sap?green?? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Start?as?to?produce?yellow,?but?instead?of? Aquafortis,?add?Vitriolated?Indigo?as?needed?to? produce?the?desired?colour.? Yellow?dye? Aquafortis? Vitriolated?indigo? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? Boil?a?mixture?of?water?with?Alum?&?add?the? material?to?the?boiling?mixture.? ? Add?to?this?a?grind?of??Spanish?green??or?Verdigris? with?half?as?much?Sal?armonack.??? ? Put?them?in??wine?Vinegar??&?keep?the?contents?hot? until?the?wood?is?green?enough.? Alum? Verdigris? Sal?armonac? Wine?vinegar? For?wood,?ivory,?horn?or?bone.? J.?Stalker?and?G.?Parker,?A?Treatise? of?Japanning?and?Varnishing.? ? Brass?or?Copper?filings?in?7%?Nitric?Acid?solution.? Brass?or?copper? filings? Nitric?acid? For?Ash? This?produces?a?greyish?green? colour? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture.? ? Proceed?as?with?the?yellow,?but?instead?of? Aquafortis?add?as?much?of?Vitriolated?Indigo?as?to? produce?the?desired?colour.? Yellow? Aquafortis? Vitriolated?Indigo? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? Follow?instructions?for?a?yellow?dye:?? ? 4?pounds?of?roots?of?Barberry,?reduced?to?dust?by? sawing?placed?in?a?copper?or?brass?trough.? ? Add?4?ounces?of?Turmeric,?and?four?gallons?of? Water.? ? Place?in?as?many?white?holly?veneers?as?the?liquor? will?cover,?boil?them?for?3?hours,?turning?often.??? Then?do?the?following? ? Add?2?ounces?of?Vitriolated?Indigo????as?much?as? needed?to?produce?the?colour?that?you?want.?? Root?of?barberry? Turmeric? Vitriolated?indigo? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?452? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? ? To?3?pints?(1,440?ml)?of?Vinegar?add?4?ounces? (113.2?gr.)?of?ground?Verdigris.??Add???ounce?(14.15? gr.)?of?Sap?green?&???ounce?(14.15?gr.)?of?Indigo.?? Strain?the?resulting?liquid.? Vinegar? Verdigris? Sap???green? Indigo? ? J.?Kramer,?Tradition?Way???The? Colorization?of?Wood.? ? Saturated?solution?of?Copper?Nitrate?in?distilled? water.? Copper?Nitrate?? Distilled?water? For?maple? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture.? ? Commercially?prepared?metal?salts?in?aqueous? solution?and?saturated?solution?of?Iron?Acetate.? Metal?salts? Iron?acetate? For?maple? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture.? ? Start?the?process?as?with?either?yellow?recipe,?but? instead?of?Nitric?Acid?add?Vitrilated?Indigo?until?the? right?shade?is?achieved.? ? Yellow?dye? Vitrilated?Indigo? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? ? Grind?Spanish?Verdigrise?into?a?fine?powder?with? strong?Vinegar.??Add?to?this?2?ounces?of?Green? Vitriol.??? ? Boil?this?for?a1/4?of?an?hour?and?put?the?wood?into? it?and?soak?till?the?colour?is?correct.?? Verdigrise,?Spanish?? ? No?Author?Given,?Valuable?Secrets? Concerning?Arts?and?Trades? ? Dissolve?Verdigrise?in?Vinegar?or?the?crystals?of? Verdigrise?in?water.?Brush?over?this?mixture?on?the? wood?while?the?mixture?is?still?hot.?? Veridigrise? Vinegar? ? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory?or? Handmaid?to?the?Arts?(Second? Edition).? ? ? Gallic?acid?? ? Gallic?acid? ? ? C.?L.?Berthollet,??l?ments?de?l'art? de?la?teinture,?Vol?1?&?2.? Grey?/? ? Put?the?veneer?in?a?copper?container?then?pour?in? ? The?veneers?should?not?be?too? No?Author?Given,?The?Household? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?453? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? hot?iron?liquor?(Acetate?of?Iron).? ? Add?1?pound?((226.4?gr.)?of?chip?Logwood?with?2? ounces?(56.6?gr.)?of?bruised?Nutgalls.??Boil?up? another?pot?of?Iron?liquor?to?supply?the?copper,? keeping?the?veneers?covered?and?boiling?2?hours?a? day?until?thoroughly?penetrated.? dry?before?starting?this?process.? Cyclopedia?of?General?Information? (wood?dyes)? ? In?a?cast?iron?pot?of?6?to?8?gallons,?collect?old?iron? (nails,?hoops?etc.)?and?expose?them?to?weather? until?they?are?covered?with?rust.?? ? Add?1?gallon?of?vinegar?and?2?of?water,?boil?for?an? hour.?? ? Put?air?dried?veneer?into?the?copper?used?for?black? dye?and?pour?the?iron?liquor?over?them.??Add?one? pound?of?chipped?Logwood,?2?ounces?of?bruised? Nutgalls.??? ? Boil?2?hours?a?day?keeping?the?veneers?covered.?? Iron? Vinegar? Logwood? Nut?galls? ? P.?Weber,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide.? ? Iron?filings?in?a?7%?Nitric?Acid?solution.? Iron?fillings? Nitric?Acid?(7%? solution)? For?Ash? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture? ? Iron?&?Copper?fillings?in?7%?solution?of?Nitric?Acid.? Iron?and?Copper? fillings? Nitric?Acid?(7%? solution)? ? For?Alder? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture? ? Iron?&?Brass?filings?in?a?7%?Nitric?Acid?solution.?? Iron?and?Brass? fillings? Nitric?Acid?(7%? solution)? ? For?Birch? Baumeister,?Boonstra,?Blanchette,? Fischer,?Schorsch,?Stained?Burl? Veneer?On?Historic?Furniture? Silver? Grey? ? In?an?old?cast?iron?potboil?a?gallon??(3,840?ml)?of? Water?and?half?a?gallon?of?Vinegar?with?a?pile?of? rusty?nails?or?other?old?iron.??In?the?copper?vessel? Water? Vinegar? Rusty?nails?(iron)? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?454? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 4. Dyes?Formulas?? Colour? Produced? Formula? Key?Ingredients? ? Comments? Source?of?Formula? pour?this?over???pound?(113.2?gr.)?of?Logwood? chips?&?1?ounce?(28.3?gr.)?of?bruised?Nutgalls.??Boil? veneers?for?2?hours?a?day,?topping?up?with?more? rusty?water?until?the?colour?has?struck?through.? Logwood? Nutgalls? ? ? Keep?a?tin?full?of?old?iron?and?occasionally?sprinkle? it?with?Spirits?of?Salt?(Hydrochloric?Acid)?until?they? are?very?corroded.??On?top?of?about?6?pounds? (1,358.4?gr.)?of?corroded?iron,?pour?1?gallon?(3,840? ml)?of?Water?in?which?has?been?dissolved?2?ounces? (56.6?gr.)?of?Salt?of?Tartar.??Pour?the?liquid?into?the? copper?vessel?and?add?the?veneers.??Boil?for?3?hours? then?add?4?ounces??(113.2?gr.)?of?Green?Copperas? (Iron?Sulphate)?and?keep?warm?until?it?was? penetrated.?? Old?Iron? Spirits?of?Salt? Salt?of?Tartar? Water? Green?copperas? ? R.?Higgins,?Dyeing?Timber??? Harewood.? No? Particular? Colour? ? Obtain?fresh?Horse?Dung?and?Squeeze?the?moisture? through?a?cloth?and?put?it?in?vessels.??Dissolve?Gum? Arabic?and?rock?Alum?(each?with?about?the? quantity?of?a?Walnut).??Mix?with?these?any?of?the? colours?needed?and?stir?them?for?3?or?4?days.??? ? Boil?the?liquid?and?place?into?the?solution?the?thinly? sliced?pieces?of?wood?(about?the?thickness?of?a?half? a?crown.)?? Horse?Dung? Gum?Arabic? Alum? Walnut? ? ? ? This?is?described?as?a?method?for? dying?wood?specifically?for?the?use? in?marquetry.??? It?recommends?that?the?wood?be? pear.??? J.?Stalker?and?G.?Parker,?A?Treatise? of?Japanning?and?Varnishing.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?455? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 5. Glue?Formulas35? Formula? Key? Ingredients? Comments? Reason?for? Making? Source?of?formula? ? 1?handful?of?quick?Lime?and?4?ounces?of? Linseed?oil.??Boil?the?two?and?spread?it?on? tin?plates?in?a?shade.??When?needed?heat? and?apply?while?hot.?? Quick?lime? Linseed?Oil? Described?as?an?alternative?to?regular? glue.? Alternative? T.?Sheraton,?The?Cabinet? Dictionary.? ? Steep?the?parings?from?different?animals? in?Water?for?2?or?3?days.??Wash?them?out? well,?and?then?boil?them?to?the? consistence?of?a?thick?jelly.??While?still? hot?filter?it?through?an?ozier?basket?to? remove?any?impurities.? ? Let?it?rest?until?cool.??Once?cool,?the? foreign?matter?should?have?precipitated? to?the?bottom?of?the?container.??At?this? time?it?needs?to?be?boiled?again?then? poured?into?flat?frames?or?moulds.? Parings?from? different? animals? Water? This?author?suggests?that?to?test?the? quality?of?the?glue:?Let?it?steep?for?3?or?4? days?in?water.??If?it?swells??considerably? without?melting?and?when?removed?and? allowed?to?dry?it?returns?to?its?former? size?and?shape???it?is?good?glue.?? This?author?also?suggests?that?the?older? animals?are?the?best,?but?that?any? animal?can?work?(listed?are?Oxen,?Cows,? calves,?sheep)? This?is?described?as??strong?glue.?? This?is?a?strong? colourless?glue.? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? Make?the?strong?glue?and?take?the?final,? hard?product?and?mix?it?with?Isinglass? then?cover?the?both?with?Spirit?of?Wine? and?let?it?sit?for?24?hours.??? ? Melt?them?together?and?add?as?much? powdered?chalk?as?to?make?it?opaque? white.?? ?Strong?Glue?? Isinglass? Spirit?of?Wine? ? This?is?just? described?as? another? formula.?? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 35?Most?cases,?the?formula?given?was?a?formula?too?add?specific?characteristics?to?the?basic?glue?and?was?not?a?formula?for?making?glue.??For?example,?some?authors? reported?that?they?wanted?to?make?the?glue?waterproof.??To?do?this?they?would?add?a?few?ingredients.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?456? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 5. Glue?Formulas35? Formula? Key? Ingredients? Comments? Reason?for? Making? Source?of?formula? ? Steep?Isinglass?for?24?hours?in?Spirit?of? Wine?or?common?brandy.??? ? Gently?boil?them?together?stirring?them? until?well?mixed.? ? Before?it?has?a?chance?to?cool,?stain?it? through?a?linen?cloth.?? ? ? Described?as?a? strong?glue.? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? Dissolve?2?ounces?(each)?of?Gum? Sandarac?and?Mastic?in?a?pint?of?Spirit?of? Wine.??? ? Add?to?this?1?ounce?of?turpentine,?equal? parts?of?isinglass?and?parchment?glue,? pounded.??? ? Melt?the?mixture?over?heat?just?short?of? boiling,?strain?the?resulting?mixture?then? add?one?ounce?of?powdered?glass.?? Gum?Sandarac? Gum?Mastic? Spirit?of?Wine? Turpentine? Isinglass?? Parchment? Glue? ? This?is?a??strong?? glue?that?resists? moisture? E.?Chambers,?Cyclopaedia?or?an? Universal?Dictionary?of?Arts?and? Sciences.? ? Dissolve?beaten?isinglass?in?water?by? boiling?and?straining?it?through?a?course? linen?cloth.??Allow?it?to?evaporate?so?that? when?dried?it?is?hard.? Isinglass?? Adding?spirit?of?wine?or?brandy?to? soften?the?glue.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory? or?Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? Take?one?pound?of?parchment?and?boil?it? in?6?quarts?of?water?until?the?quantity?is? reduced?to?1?quart.?Strain?the?fluid?from? the?dregs?then?boil?it?again? Parchment? Water? Could?be?made?with?glovers?cuttings?of? leather,?which?is?colourless?but?can?be? burnt?by?the?evaporation?of?water.?? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory? or?Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? Take??common?glue??36?in?very?small? pieces?and?Isinglass?and?cover?it?in?Spirit? Common?Glue? Isinglass? Can?use?water?instead?of?spirit?of?wine,?? This?will?make?what?is?described?as?? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 36 This is usually referring to animal hide glue. It is assumed that this is the case here however; the text did not specifically state this. ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?457? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 5. Glue?Formulas35? Formula? Key? Ingredients? Comments? Reason?for? Making? Source?of?formula? of?wine?for?at?least?24?hours.??Put?over? heat?and?add?to?this?powdered?chalk? until?it?is?turned?an?opaque?white.?? Calk? strong??glue.?? or?Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? Dissolve?2?ounces?each?of?Gum?Sandarac? and?Mastic?in?a?pint?of?Spirit?of?Wine.??To? this?add?1?ounce?of?clear?Turpentine.??? ? Take?equal?parts?of?isinglass?and? parchment?glue?made?as?described?in?the? prior?section?(for?the??strong??glue).??? ? Mix?the?gum?mixture?into?the?hot?glue? mixture,?strain?through?a?linen?cloth?and? add?to?it?powdered?glass.??? Gum?sandarac? Gum?Mastic? Spirit?of?Wine? Clear? Turpentine? Common?glue? Isinglass? Powdered? Glass? Described?as?a?strong?glue?that?will? resist?moisture.? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory? or?Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? Add???pound?of?Common?glue?or? Isinglass?to?2?quarts?of?Skimmed?Milk?and? evaporating?the?mixture?to?the? consistency?of??glue?? Common?Glue? or?Isinglass? Skimmed?Milk? Described?as?a?strong?glue?that?will? resist?moisture.?? ? No?Author?Given,?The?Golden? Cabinet:??Being?the?Laboratory? or?Handmaid?to?the?Arts? (Second?Edition).? ? To?every?pint?of?common?glue??(hide? glue?)?take?about?the?quantity?of?two? table?spoonfuls?of?finely?powdered?Rosin? and?the?like?quantity?of?finely?powdered? brick?dust?and?incorporate?the?whole? well?together? Common?glue? Powdered? Rosin? Brick?dust? ? Good?for? inlaying?brass?or? silver?stringing? to?furniture.?? G.?Siddons,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide:??or?Rules?and?Instructions? in?the?art?of?Varnishing,?Dying,? Staining,?Japanning,?Polishing,? Lackering?and?Beautifying? Wood,?Ivory,?Tortoiseshell?and? Metal,?Fifth?Editon,?Sherwood,? Gilbert?and?Piper,?London,? 1830.? ? To?every?pint?of?the?best?wheaten?flower? add?Rosin,?very?finely?powdered?about? Wheaten? flower? ? Good?for? attaching? G.?Siddons,?The?Cabinet?Maker?s? Guide:??or?Rules?and?Instructions? in?the?art?of?Varnishing,?Dying,? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?458? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 5. Glue?Formulas35? Formula? Key? Ingredients? Comments? Reason?for? Making? Source?of?formula? two?large?spoonfuls?of?Alum,?on?spoonful? in?powder?mix?them?all?together?well?put? them?in?a?pan?and?add?by?degrees?soft?or? rain?water?carefully?stirring?it?till?it?is?of? the?consistence?of?thinnish?cream.??Put?it? into?a?saucer?pan?over?a?clear?fire.?? Keeping?it?constantly?stirred?that?it?may? not?get?lumpy?when?it?is?of?a?stiff? consistence?so?that?the?spoon?will?stand? upright? Rosin? Alum? Water? leather?or?cloth? to?furniture.? Staining,?Japanning,?Polishing,? Lackering?and?Beautifying? Wood,?Ivory,?Tortoiseshell?and? Metal.? ? ? Animal?glue?and?beer?? Animal?(Hide)? Glue? Beer? The?addition?of?beer?to?glue?is?more?of? an??old?wives?tale??than?a?printed? formula.??Recent?research?has?shown? that?the?factors?affecting?the?glues? adhesiveness?are?the?sugars?and?the? alcohol?content.??Accordingly?to?recent? research?this?addition?did?help?the? optimum?level?was?25%?alcohol?and? 25g/litre?of?dextrin.?? Considered?a? substituted?for?a? more?flexible? glue?such?as?fish? glue??used?for? gluing?different? materials? together?(e.g.? Brass?and?wood)? M.?Triboulot,?Improving?The? Adhesion?Between?Wood?and? Brass,?Conservation?News,?No? 69,?July?1999,?pp.?30?32.? ? Animal?glue?and?urea? Animal?(hide)? Glue? Urea? Again,?this?is?based?on?an??old?wives? tale??Recent?research?has?shown?that? the?addition?of?this?ingredient?does?not? improve?the?adhesiveness?of?the?glue.? (same?as?above)? M.?Triboulot,?Improving?The? Adhesion?Between?Wood?and? Brass,?Conservation?News,?No? 69,?July?1999,?pp.?30?32.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?459? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 6.?Primary?Furniture?Woods37? English?Name/nom? anglais? French? Name/nom? Fran?ais? Latin? Name/nom? Latin? Description?(Most?often?used?in??.)? From?.? Amarante/Purpleheart? Amarante? Peltogyne?Fabaceae? A?purple?wood?primarily?used?for?veneers?in? marquetry.? South?and?Central?America? Amarillo/Canarywood? Arariba? Leguminosae? Heartwood?yellow?or?orange,?texture?fine?to?rather? coarse;?grain?straight?to?irregular.?Used?as?a? decorative?veneer?wood.?? South?America? Beech? H?tre? Fagus?sylvatica? Good?for?framing?such?as?chairs? Europe?and?England? Bird?s?eye?maple? ?rable? mouchet?? Acer?saccharum? Light?coloured?wood?for?decorative?veneers? North?America? Boxwood? Buis? Buxus? Yellow?coloured,?very?hard?wood?used?for?making? decorative?veneers.?? Spain,?North?Africa,?China,? Southeast?Asia,?? Brazilwood? Permanbouc? Caesalpinia?echinata? Dark?coloured?hard?wood?used?to?make?decorative? veneer.? South?America? Campechy?or?Logwood? Camp?che? Haematoxylum? campechianum? ? ? Used?to?produce?a?reddish?dye?that?is?frequently?used? in?marquetry.?? Southern?Mexico?and?Central? America? Cedar? C?dre? Pinaceae?(family)_? Generally?a?light?reddish?coloured?wood?that?was?not? used?too?often?in?furniture?during?the?C18th.??? Cedar?of?Lebonon?comes?from? the?Middle?East.? Cherry? Cerisier? Prunus? Light?smooth?grained?wood.??This?family?of?trees? Very?widely?dispersed.?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 37 The?primary?references?used?for?this?section?were?the?following.??Other?sources?included?file?notes,?furniture?catalogues?and?personal?experience. L.?Hinckley,?Directory? of?the?Historic?Cabinet?Woods,?Bonanza?Books,?New?York,?1960,?H.?Zinnkann,?Furniture?Woods,?Prestel,?London,?2003,?P.?D?tienne,?2002,?Les?Bois?Exotiques?D?crits?par? Roubo?en?1774,?Bois?et?Forets?de?Tropiques,?No?274,?(4),?pp.?89?96,?A.?Roubo,?L?Art?Du?Menuisier??b?niste,?Delatour,?Paris,?1772,?US?Forest?Service?Database?located?at? `http://www.fs.fed.us/,?Accessed?June?2009.? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?460? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 6.?Primary?Furniture?Woods37? English?Name/nom? anglais? French? Name/nom? Fran?ais? Latin? Name/nom? Latin? Description?(Most?often?used?in??.)? From?.? includes?a?number?of?related?fruit?trees.??These?were? often?used?to?produce?decorative?veneers?for? furniture.?? Deal:??? Larch? Scots?pine? Norway?spruce? ? M?l?ze? Pin?syvestre? ?pic?a? ? ? ? Larix?deciduas?? Pinus?sylvestris?? Picea?abies? ? In?England?these?woods?were?frequently?grouped? together?and?called?deal.??They?are?conifers,?usually? white?to?yellow?in?colour,?they?were?used?for? structural?components,?more?so?in?Chippendale?pieces? than?in?Riesener.??In?all?cases?their?use?was?limited?to? areas?that?had?very?little?or?no?visibility.? ? Northern?Europe?? Scotland? Eastern?Europe? Ebony? ?b?ne? Diospyros?? ? Dark?heavy?wood?that?is?frequently?used?for? decorative?elements?(moldings?and?carved?elements)? and?for?decorative?veneers.? India,?Sri?Lanka?and?Western? Africa? Holly? Houx? Ilex?aquifolium? A?very?light?coloured?wood?that?was?frequently?used? as?a?decorative?veneer?in?marquetry?(it?was?easy?to? dye?different?colours).??Chippendale?used?it?very? extensively?on?the?Harewood?Library?Table38.?? Western?and?Southern? Europe,??Northwest?Africa,? Southeast?Asia? Indian?Rosewood?? Palissandre?des? Indes? Dalbergia?latifolia? While?used?some?in?France,?because?of?the?result?of? the?Seven?year?war,?its?availability?there?was?limited.?? Chippendale,?considered?this?to?be?amongst?his? favorite?woods?for?veneers39.? Southern?India? Kingwood? Bois?de?violet? Dalbergia?cearensis,? A?stripped?(dark?and?light?wood)?used?to?make? Brazil? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38?The?marquetry?designs?were?executed?almost?entirely?in?Holly?then?dyed?to?display?the?bright?colours?that?were?present?in?the?piece?originally.?? 39?From?observation?and?internal?document?in?Nostell?Priory?files.??Note?entitled??Cabinet?Woods?Employed?in?the?Harewood?Library?Table,?No?author?or?date? was?provided. ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?461? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 6.?Primary?Furniture?Woods37? English?Name/nom? anglais? French? Name/nom? Fran?ais? Latin? Name/nom? Latin? Description?(Most?often?used?in??.)? From?.? decorative?veneers.? Letterwood/Snakewood? Amourette? Brosimum?guianense? Light?coloured?wood?used?to?make?decorative? veneers.?? South?America? Lime?wood? Bois?de?tilleu? Tilia? Light?almost?white?wood?that?is?frequently?used?in? woodcarving.?? Europe?and?North?America? Mahogany? Acajou? Swietenia?mahagoni,? Swietenia? macrophylla? A?brown?to?reddish?brown,?fine?grained?wood,?used? for?both?visible?constructional?elements?(drawer? fronts,?chairs,?doors,?etc)?and?in?making?decorative? veneers.? Central?American,?South? America?and?the?Caribbean? Islands? Oak? Ch?ne? ? Quercus?robur? Quercus?Sessiflora? During?the?C18th,?this?light?brown?wood?was? frequently?used?in?the?construction?of?furniture? frames?and?key?elements?such?as?drawers.??The? version?in?England?probably?was?from?central? Germany,?Poland?or?Prussia?and?was?called?Wainscot.?? Northern?Europe.? Pear? Poirier? Pyrus?communis? This?light?coloured?wood?was?frequently?used?to?make? decorative?veneers.? Europe? Scots?Pine? Pin?syvestre? Pyrus?communis? This?wood?was?frequently?used?in?the?construction?of? furniture?frames,?but?usually?it?was?not?readily?visible.? However,?it?was?also?a?source?of?turpentine.?? Northern?Europe,?England?and? Asia? Plum? Prunier? Prunus? This?light?coloured?wood?was?frequently?used?to?make? There?are?varieties?throughout? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?462? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 6.?Primary?Furniture?Woods37? English?Name/nom? anglais? French? Name/nom? Fran?ais? Latin? Name/nom? Latin? Description?(Most?often?used?in??.)? From?.? decorative?veneers.??? the?world.?? Satinwood?or?West? Indian?Satinwood? Satine/Bois?de? citronnier? Chloroxylon? swietenia?or?Fagara? flava? This?light?coloured?wood?was?frequently?used?to?make? decorative?veneers.??The?west?Indian?variety?is? thought?to?be?the?version?used?by?Chippendale.40?? Southeast?Asia,?India? Silver?fir? Sapin? Abies?alba? This?wood?was?frequently?used?in?the?construction?of? furniture?frames,?but?usually?it?was?not?readily?visible.?? Europe? Spruce? ?pic?a? ? Picea?abies? This?wood?was?frequently?used?in?the?construction?of? furniture?frames,?but?usually?it?was?not?readily?visible.?? Northern?Europe? Tulipwood? Bois?de?rose? Dalbergia?frutescens? A?pink/red/yellow/orange?and?white?stripped?wood? that?is?frequently?used?to?make?decorative?veneers.?? Due?to?a?strong?reaction?to?the?sunlight,?this?wood? turns?to?brown?and?white?very?quickly.??Also,?because? the?plant?from?which?this?wood?comes?from?is?quite? small,?it?is?usually?limited?to?banding?and?boarders.?? The?Northern?part?of?South? America? Walnut? Noyer? Juglans?regia? This?heavy?and?slightly?dark?wood?that?had,?in?prior? years?been?used?for?constructing?much?cabinet? furniture.??However,?during?the?C18th?century,?this? wood?tended?to?be?used?in?the?form?of?a?veneer.? Europe?as?well?as?Asia? ? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 40?From?observation?and?internal?document?in?Nostell?Priory?files.??Note?entitled??Cabinet?Woods?Employed?in?the?Harewood?Library?Table,?No?author?or?date? was?provided. ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?463? ? ? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? ??la?grecque? ? Classical?Style???Literally?it?means?to?the? Greeks,?but?it?refers?to?the?Greek?style.? Acanthus?leaf? Feuille?d?acanthe? Ac?r?? Sharp? Animal?glue? Colle?animal? Acier? Steel? Aristocrat?(closest?single?term):?? Administrative?noble?man.??Unlike?the? Noblesse?d??p?e?these?noblemen?acquired? their?title?by?excelling?in?an?administrative? capacity.?? Noblesse?de?robe? Adh?sif? Tape? ?Aristocrats?(closest?single?term):??The?literal? translation?is?Nobles?of?the?sword.??These? were?French?Noblemen?whose?title?was?based? on?military?experiences???either?by?them?or? their?ancestors.? Noblesse?d??p?e? Aff?ter? Sharpen,?to? Art?object? Objet?d'art? Alaise? Banding? Auctioneer? Commissaire?Priseur? Ane?de?mtearqueteur? Marquetry?donkey? Balsamo? Oeil?de?vermeil? Ar?te? Edge? Baluster? Palmette? Armoire? Wardrobe? Banding? Alaise? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 41??Most?Initial?translations?were?obtained?from?Notes?from?Ecole?Boulle,?Translations?of?key?furniture?making?related?words,?obtained?from?Ecole?Boulle,?Paris?France,? January,?2007,?these?were?verified?via?a?number?of?dictionaries?(e.g.,?Oxford)?as?well?as?on?line?translation?services.?? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?464? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Artisan? Craftsman?or?craftsmen? Banding,?marquetry?band,?inlay,?border,?strip? Filet?compos?? Ateliers? Workshops? Bench?or?workbench? Etabli? Aubier? Sapwood? Bevel,?Chamfer? Biseau? Bande?de?chant? Edge?strip? Beveling? Biseautage? B?ti,?Carcasse,?Ossature,? F?t? Frame,?framework,?main?body? Bolt? Boulon? Biseau? Bevel,?Chamfer? Bone? Os? Biseautage? Beveling? Bone?glue? Colle?d?os? Bocfil? Fretsaw,?Piercing?saw? Brass? Laiton?or?Cuivres? Bois?apparent? Show?wood? Brass? Laiton? Bois?madr?,?bois?ronceux?? Burled?wood,?burr?figured?wood? Bronze?casters?and?chasers? fondeurs?ciseleurs? ? Bois?resineux? Soft?woods?resinous? Burled?wood,?burr?figured?wood? Bois?madr?,?bois?ronceux?? Bomb?? Domed?or?rounded?? Burr,?Burl? Broussin,?loupe? Bonheur?du?jour? ? Writing?Desk:??A?small?desk,?usually? associated?as?feminine,?usually?with?a? small?writing?surface,?usually?has?few? drawers?and?locked?cabinets?above?the? writing?surface.? Burr,?burl? Loupe?/Ronce? Bordure? Edging?border? Burr,?burl,?crotch?or?curl?in?a?grain? Ronce? Boulon? Bolt? Button?lac? Lac?en?plate? Br?che?d'Alep? Chipped?pattern?in?marble? Cabinet?Maker? ?b?niste? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?465? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Broussin,?loupe? Burr,?Burl? Cabinetmaker? Eb?neiste? Bureau? The?Desk? Cabinetmaking? Eb?neisterie? Bureau???cylindre? Roll?top?desk? Carve,?to? Sculpter? Bureau?double?faces??? caissons? Knee?hole?desk?or?partners?desk? Case?Furniture? Meuble?de?rangement? Bureau?plat? ? Writing?Table:??A?large?(masculine)? table?used?for?writing?? Case?furniture? Meuble?de?rangement?? Carcasse,?B?ti,??Ossature,? F?t? Frame,?framework,?main?body? Case,?small?box? Etui? Chant? Edge? Catch? Loqueteau? Chant?biseaut?,?Chanfrein? Chamfer? Century? Si?cle? ? Charni?re? Hinge? Chamfer? Chant?biseaut?,?Chanfrein? Charni?re?(invisible,?longue)? Hinge,?ring,?joint,?articulation?(hidden,? long)? Chamfered?leg? Pied?Chantourne? Charni?re?pour?abattant? Flap?hinge? Chest?of?drawers? Commode? Chataignier? Chestnut? Chestnut? Chataignier? Ch?ne?blanc? White?oak? Chipped?pattern?in?marble? Br?che?d'Alep? Ch?ne?rouge? Red?oak? Chisel?mortiser? Mortaiseuse???b?dane? Ch?nerouvre? Sessil?oak? Classical?Style???Literally?it?means?to?the? Greeks,?but?it?refers?to?the?Greek?style.? ??la?grecque? ? Chevalet?de?marqueterier? Marquetry?horse?or?donkey? Colouring?matter,?pigment,?dyestuff? Colorant,?pigment? Cheville?en?bois? Wooden?nail? Common?elm? Orme?champ?tre?? Cire? Wax? Concealed?dovetail?joint? Queue?d??aronde?cach?e? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?466? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? assemblage??? Ciseau???bois? Wood?Chisel? Conifer? Conif?re? Clef? Key? Corner?cupboard,?corner?furniture? Encoignure,?meuble?d?angle? Clou,?pointe? Nail? Craftsman?or?craftsmen? Artisan? Clouer? Nail,?to?? Cross?banding,?frieze? Frise? Clover?or?Clu? Nail? Curved?Leg? Pied?galb?? Coffre?fort? Safe? Depth? Profondeur? Coiffeuse? Dressing?table,?dressing?commode? Domed?or?rounded?? Bomb?? Coin? Wedge? Door? Porte?? Collage?? Glueing? Double?tenon? Tenon?double?assemblage? ?? Colle???bois? Wood?Glue? Double?tenon?joint? Double?tenons?et?mortaises? Colle?animal? Animal?glue? Dove?tail? Queue?d'aronde? Colle?d?os? Bone?glue? Dovetail?joint? Queue?d??aronde? assemblage??? Colle?de?nerfs? Nerves?glue?or?tendon?glue? Dowel? Tourillon?? Colle?de?peau? Hide?Glue? Drawer?Front? Devanture,?fa?ade?de?tiroir? Colle?de?peau?? Hide?glue?? Drawer?Front? Fa?ade?de?tiroit? Colle?de?poisson? Fish?glue? Drawer?side,?bottom? Fond?de?Tiroir? Colorant? Dye? Drawing?desk? Scriban? Colorant,?pigment? Colouring?matter,?pigment,?dyestuff? Dresser,?china?cabinet? Dressoir,?vaisselier? Commissaire?Priseur? Auctioneer? Dressing?table,?dressing?commode? Coiffeuse? Commode? Chest?of?drawers? Dye? Colorant? Compagnon? Literally?translates?to?mean?companion,? Dye? Teinture? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?467? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? ? but?in?this?context?it?refers?to?a?type?of? apprentice.?? Conif?re? Conifer? Edge? Ar?te? Console? Pier?table,?console?table? Edge? Chant? Cuir? Leather? Edge?strip? Bande?de?chant? Devanture,?fa?ade?de?tiroir? Drawer?Front? Edging?border? Bordure? D?visser? Screw?off?(to)?unscrew? Escutcheon? Entr?e?de?surreure? Doreur? Gilder? False?appearance? Trompe?l'?il? Dorure? Gilding? Finger?joint? Entures?multiples? assemblage??? Double?tenons?et?mortaises? Double?tenon?joint? Finishing? Finissage? Dressoir,?vaisselier? Dresser,?china?cabinet? Fish?glue? Colle?de?poisson? Eb?neiste? Cabinetmaker? Flap?hinge? Charni?re?pour?abattant? Eb?neisterie? Cabinetmaking? Frame,?framework,?main?body? B?ti,?Carcasse,?Ossature,? F?t? ?b?niste? ? Cabinet?Maker? Frame,?framework,?main?body? Carcasse,?B?ti,??Ossature,? F?t? Ecaille?de?tortue? Tortoise?shell? Frame,?framework,?main?body? F?t,?Carcasse,?B?ti,?? Ossature? Ecritoire? Stationary?box? Frame,?framework,?main?body? Ossature,?F?t,?Carcasse,? B?ti,? Encoignure,?meuble?d?angle? Corner?cupboard,?corner?furniture? French?Polishing? Vernis?au?tampon? Enfourchement? Slip?joint? French?polishing? Vernir?au?tampon? Enfourchement?assemblage? Open?mortise?joint? Fret?saw? Scie?sauteuse? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?468? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? ?? Enfourchement?assemblage? ?? Slot?joint? Fretsaw,?Piercing?saw? Bocfil? Entaille???mi?bois? Half?lap?joint? Front? Fa?ade? Entr?e?de?surreure? Escutcheon? Furniture? Meubles? Entretoise? Stretchers? Furniture?Hardware? La?quincaillerie? d'ameublement? Entures?multiples? assemblage??? Finger?joint? Furniture?inventory?(French?Royal?households)? Journal?du?Garde?Meuble? ? Etabli? Bench?or?workbench? Games?table?or?card?table? Table???jeu? Etui? Case,?small?box? Gilder? Doreur? Fa?ade? Front? Gilding? Dorure? Fa?ade?de?tiroit? Drawer?Front? Glazing? Glacis?? Feuille?d?acanthe? Acanthus?leaf? Glueing? Collage?? Feuillure? Rebate? Gold? Or? Feuillure???mi?bois? assemblage??? Half?lap?joint? Greased?paper?or?tallowed?paper? Papier?suiff?? Fiche???entailer? Inset?type?hinge? Gummed?paper?or?veneer?tape? Papier?gomm?? Filet? Inlay? Half?lap?joint? Entaille???mi?bois? Filet?compos?? Banding,?marquetry?band,?inlay,? border,?strip? Half?lap?joint? Feuillure???mi?bois? assemblage??? Filet?jonc? Inlay?line? Hammer? Marteau? Filet?simple? Simple?or?single?strip? Hardware?for?furniture? Quincaillerie? d?ameublement? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?469? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Filet?? Threaded? Heavy?sapele?or?Omu? Kosipo? Finissage? Finishing? Hide?Glue? Colle?de?peau? Fond?de?Tiroir? Drawer?side,?bottom? Hide?glue?? Colle?de?peau?? Fond?dessous? Lower?side?bottom? Hinge? Charni?re? Fondeurs?ciseleurs? ? Bronze?casters?and?chasers? Hinge,?ring,?joint,?articulation?(hidden,?long)? Charni?re?(invisible,? longue)? Friese?de?rinceaux? Ornemental?frieze? Inlaid? Marquet?? Frise? Cross?banding,?frieze? Inlay? Filet? Friseur? Parqueter? Inlay?line? Filet?jonc? F?t,?Carcasse,?B?ti,?? Ossature? Frame,?framework,?main?body? Inlays? Incrustation? Gaiac? Lignumn?vitae? Inset?type?hinge? Fiche???entailer? Galuchat? Sharkskin? Jigsaw? Scie???chantourner? Glacis?? Glazing? Joint? Joint?de?placage? Gomme?laque? Shellack? Key? Clef? Gu?ridon? Pedestial?table?or?tripod?table? Knee?hole?desk?or?partners?desk? Bureau?double?faces??? caissons? Huile?de?lin? Linseed?oil? Knot?in?wood? Noeud? Incrustation? Inlays? Knotty? Noueux?? Joint?de?placage? Joint? Kraft?brown?paper? Papier?kraft? Journal?du?Garde?Meuble? ? Furniture?inventory?(French?Royal? households)? Lacquer? Laque? Kosipo? Heavy?sapele?or?Omu? Ladies?Secr?taire? Secr?taire???abattant?or? secr?taire?en?armoire? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?470? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? L'offrande???l'Amour? Offering?of?Love?? Latch?lock? Serrure???p?ne?demi?tour? La?quincaillerie? d'ameublement? Furniture?Hardware? Leather? Cuir? Lac?en?branche? Stick?lac? Left?hand?lock? Serrure???Gauche? Lac?en?graine? Seed?Lac? Leg? Pied? Lac?en?plate? Button?lac? Length? Longuer? Laine?de?verre? Steel?wool? Lid?pivot?hinge? Pivot?pour?abattant?? Laiton? Brass? Lignumn?vitae? Gaiac? Laiton?or?Cuivres? Brass? Linseed?oil? Huile?de?lin? Laquage?vernissage?? Varnishing? Literally??Dog?fish??but?is?thought?to?be? referring?to?a?type?of?shark.?? Poisson?chien? laque? Lacquer? Literally?it?means?in?the?Greek?taste,?but?it? actually?refers?to?the?style?inspired?by?the? Greeks.???? Le?go?t?Grec? ? Laque? Lacquer? Literally?translates?to?mean?companion,?but?in? this?context?it?refers?to?a?type?of?apprentice.?? Compagnon? ? Largeur? Width? Lock? Serrure? Le?go?t?Grec? ? Literally?it?means?in?the?Greek?taste,? but?it?actually?refers?to?the?style? inspired?by?the?Greeks.???? Lock? Serrure? Longuer? Length? Louis?the?XVI?s?style? Louis?Seize? Loqueteau? Catch? Lower?side?bottom? Fond?dessous? Louis?Seize? Louis?the?XVI?s?style? Mallet? Maillet? Loupe?/Ronce? Burr,?burl? Marble? Marbre? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?471? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Maillet? Mallet? Marqueter? Marqueteur? Marbre? Marble? Marquetry? Marqueterie? Marchands?Mercier? Shop?owner? Marquetry?donkey? Ane?de?mtearqueteur? Marquet?? Inlaid? Marquetry?horse?or?donkey? Chevalet?de?marqueterier? Marqueterie? Marquetry? Mortise? Mortaise? Marqueteur? Marqueter? Mortise? Mortaise? Marteau? Hammer? Mortise?lock? Serrure???mortaiser? Marteau???placages? Veneer?hammer? Mother?of?pearl? Nacre? Massicot???placages? Veneer?guillotine?or?cutter? Nail? Clover?or?Clu? Meuble?de?rangement? Case?Furniture? Nail? Clou,?pointe? Meuble?de?rangement?? Case?furniture? Nail,?to?? Clouer? Meubles? Furniture? Nerves?glue?or?tendon?glue? Colle?de?nerfs? Mise?en?teinte? Staining? Offering?of?Love?? L'offrande???l'Amour? Mise?en?teinte? Staining? Open?mortise?joint? Enfourchement?assemblage? ?? Mortaise? Mortise? Ornemental?frieze? Friese?de?rinceaux? Mortaise? Mortise? Painter? Peintre? Mortaiseuse???b?dane? Chisel?mortiser? Pao?rosa? Pao?Rosa? Mouchet?? Speckled?or?bird?s?eye? Parqueter? Friseur? Nacre? Mother?of?pearl? Pedestial?table?or?tripod?table? Gu?ridon? Noblesse?d??p?e? ?Aristocrats?(closest?single?term):??The? literal?translation?is?Nobles?of?the? sword.??These?were?French?Noblemen? whose?title?was?based?on?military? Pier?table,?console?table? Console? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?472? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? experiences???either?by?them?or?their? ancestors.? Noblesse?de?robe? Aristocrats?(closest?single?term):?? Administrative?noble?man.??Unlike?the? Noblesse?d??p?e?these?noblemen? acquired?their?title?by?excelling?in?an? administrative?capacity.?? Pin? Pointe? Noeud? Knot?in?wood? Plane? Rabot? Noueux?? Knotty? Plinth? Plinthe? Nuance? Shade? Polish? Polir? Objet?d'art? Art?object? Polisher? Polisseur? Oeil?de?vermeil? Balsamo? Pull?handle? Poign?e? Ombrage? Shading? Rail? Traverse? Ombre?? Shade?or?shadow? Rebate? Feuillure? Or? Gold? Red?oak? Ch?ne?rouge? Orme?champ?tre?? Common?elm? Resin?or?Gum? R?sine? Os? Bone? Resin?or?gum? R?sine? Ossature,?F?t,?Carcasse,? B?ti,? Frame,?framework,?main?body? Resinous? R?sineux?? Outil? Tool? Right?hand?lock? Serrure???droite? Palmette? Baluster? Roll?top?desk? Bureau???cylindre? Papier?abrasif? Sanding?paper? Roll?top?secretary? Secr?taire???cylinder? Papier?gemm??or?Placage? de?bande?? Veneer?tape? Rosette? Rosace? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?473? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Papier?gomm?? Gummed?paper?or?veneer?tape? Safe? coffre?fort? Papier?kraft? Kraft?brown?paper? Sand? Sable? Papier?parafin?? Waxed?paper? Sanding? Poncage,?sablage? Papier?suiff?? Greased?paper?or?tallowed?paper? Sanding? Sablage? Peau?de?Requin? Sharkskin? Sanding?paper? Papier?abrasif? Peintre? Painter? Sap? S?ve?? Peinture?sur?bois? Tinted?veneer? Sapwood? Aubier? Pied? Leg? Saw? Scie/Scier? Pied?carr?? Square?Leg? Saw? Scie? Pied?Chantourne? Chamfered?leg? Sawn?veneer? Placage?sci?? Pied?galb?? Curved?Leg? Scraper? Racloir? Pied?tourn?? Turned?leg? Scraping? Raclage? Pivot?pour?abattant?? Lid?pivot?hinge? Screw? Vis?? Placage? Veneer? Screw?off?(to)?unscrew? D?visser? Placage? Veneer? Screw?on?lock? Serrure?en?appliqu?? Placage?scie? Veneer?saw? Screws? Vis? Placage?sci?? Sawn?veneer? Seed?Lac? Lac?en?graine? Plinthe? Plinth? Sessil?oak? Ch?nerouvre? Poign?e? Pull?handle? Shade? Nuance? Pointe? Pin? Shade?or?shadow? Ombre?? Pointe???placage? Veneer?pin? Shading? Ombrage? Poisson?chien? Literally??Dog?fish??but?is?thought?to?be? referring?to?a?type?of?shark.?? Sharkskin? Galuchat? Polir? Polish? Sharkskin? Peau?de?Requin? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?474? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Polisseur? Polisher? Sharp? Ac?r?? Poncage,?sablage? Sanding? Sharpen,?to? Aff?ter? Porte?? Door? Shellac? Shellac? Profondeur? Depth? Shellack? Gomme?laque? Queue?d'aronde? Dove?tail? Shop?owner? Marchands?Mercier? Queue?d??aronde? assemblage??? Dovetail?joint? Show?wood? Bois?apparent? Queue?d??aronde?cach?e? assemblage??? Concealed?dovetail?joint? Simple?or?single?strip? Filet?simple? Quincaillerie? d?ameublement? Hardware?for?furniture? Slip?joint? Enfourchement? Rabot? Plane? Slot?joint? Enfourchement?assemblage? ?? Rabot???dents? Toothing?plane? Soft?woods?resinous? Bois?resineux? Raclage? Scraping? Speckled?or?bird?s?eye? Mouchet?? Racloir? Scraper? Square?Leg? Pied?carr?? Rainure?et?languette? assemblage??? Tongue?and?groove?joint? Stain? Teinture? R?sine? Resin?or?Gum? Stain?or?colour,?to?? Teindre?? R?sine? Resin?or?gum? Staining? Mise?en?teinte? R?sineux?? Resinous? Staining? Mise?en?teinte? Ronce? Burr,?burl,?crotch?or?curl?in?a?grain? Stationary?box? Ecritoire? Rosace? Rosette? Steel? Acier? Sablage? Sanding? Steel?wool? Laine?de?verre? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?475? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Sable? Sand? Stick?lac? Lac?en?branche? Scie? Saw? Stretchers? Entretoise? Scie???chantourner? Jigsaw? Tape? Adh?sif? Scie???eraser? Tenon?saw? Teak? Teck? Scie???placages? Veneer?saw? Tenon? Tenon? Scie?sauteuse? Fret?saw? Tenon?saw? Scie???eraser? Scie/Scier? Saw? The?Desk? Bureau? Scriban? Drawing?desk? Threaded? Filet?? Sculpter? Carve,?to? Tinted?veneer? Peinture?sur?bois? Secr?taire? Writing?desk?? Tongue?and?groove?joint? Rainure?et?languette? assemblage??? Secr?taire???abattant?or? secr?taire?en?armoire? ? Ladies?Secr?taire? Tool? Outil? Secr?taire???cylinder? Roll?top?secretary? Toothing?plane? Rabot???dents? Serrure? Lock? Tortoise?shell? Ecaille?de?tortue? Serrure? Lock? Turned?leg? Pied?tourn?? Serrure???droite? Right?hand?lock? Turpentine? Terebenthine? Serrure???Gauche? Left?hand?lock? Varnish? Vernis? Serrure???mortaiser? Mortise?lock? Varnisher? Vernisseur? Serrure???p?ne?demi?tour? Latch?lock? Varnishing? Laquage?vernissage?? Serrure?en?appliqu?? Screw?on?lock? Varnishing?? Vernissage?? S?ve?? Sap? Veneer? Placage? Shellac? Shellac? Veneer? Placage? ? MAKING?FASHIONABLE?FURNITURE:?Appendix?B?Technical?Notes,?Definitions?&?Translations??? ? ? ? ? Page?476? ? Appendix?B:??Technical?Notes?and?Definitions/Translations? 7.?Key?Words?and?their?Translation?to?and?from?French41? French?to?English?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered? by?French?Phrase)? English?to?French?Translation?of?Key?Phrases?(Ordered?by? English?Phrase)? French? English? English? French? Si?cle? Century? Veneer?guillotine?or?cutter? Massicot???placages? Table???jeu? Games?table?or?card?table? Veneer?hammer? Marteau???placages? Tables????crire? Writing?table? Veneer?pin? Pointe???placage? Teck? Teak? Veneer?saw? Placage?scie? Teindre?? Stain?or?colour,?to?? Veneer?saw? Scie???placages? Teinture? Dye? Veneer?tape? Papier?gemm??or?Placage? de?bande?? Teinture? Stain? Wardrobe? Armoire? Tenon? Tenon? Wax? Cire? Tenon?double?assemblage??? Double?tenon? Waxed?paper? Papier?parafin?? Terebenthine? Turpentine? Wedge? Coin? Tourillon?? Dowel? White?oak? Ch?ne?blanc? Traverse? Rail? Width? Largeur? Trompe?l'?il? False?appearance? Wood?Chisel? Ciseau???bois? Vernir?au?tampon? French?polishing? Wood?Glue? Colle???bois? Vernis? Varnish? Wooden?nail? Cheville?en?bois? Vernis?au?tampon? French?Polishing? Workshops? Ateliers? Vernissage?? Varnishing?? Writing?desk?? Secr?taire? Vernisseur? Varnisher? Writing?Desk:??A?small?desk,?usually?considered? feminine,?with?a?small?writing?surface,?with?a? few?drawers?and?locked?cabinets?on?top.? Bonheur?du?jour? ? Vis?? Screw? Writing?table? Tables????crire? Pao?Rosa? Pao?rosa? Writing?Table:??A?large?table?used?for?writing?? Bureau?plat? ?